马克思，英国人心中最伟大哲学家
日前公布的调查结果显示，马克思以27.93％的得票率荣登榜首
《新华每日电讯》2005年7月27日
谁是现今英国人心目中最伟大的哲学家？这是英国广播公司（BBC）广播四频道"在我们这个时代"栏目最近所做的一个调查。7月14日公布的调查结果显示，共产主义理论奠基人卡尔·马克思以27.93％的得票率荣登榜首，居于第二位的苏格兰哲学家大卫·休谟得票率为12.6％，远远落在其后。柏拉图、康德、苏格拉底、亚里斯多德等更是望尘莫及，黑格尔甚至没进前20名。
评选发起人：能够解释一切
发起这个评选的栏目主持人布拉格说，刚开始看到马克思得到这么多票感到很吃惊，不过，仔细想想也不觉得这有什么奇怪。马克思似乎对全世界的主要问题都给出了答案。这非常迎合人心。例如，马克思指出历史是阶级斗争的产物；思想是人的特性，是经济环境的产物。人们喜欢一个核心解释。马克思还说，哲学家解释世界，而他要改变世界。
布拉格认为马克思当选为最伟大哲学家有诸多因素，但是能够解释一切的理论是他夺冠的最重要原因。
传记：马克思主义不是教条
《卡尔·马克思传》的弗朗西斯·未恩说，"如果在10年或15年前，柏林墙推倒后，我会对马克思的当选感到吃惊，我会认为马克思不会被人记起。"但现在，他认为马克思的当选当之无愧。他说："他比候选名单中的其他人都要涉猎广泛。他不仅是哲学家，也涉足政治、经济和历史。马克思主义现在仍处于一个延续不断的争论之中，这就使他更加可信并与当今生活密切相关。"
他说："他的很多思想现在看来都非常现代也很新鲜。也许这些思想现在比他当年写作时更能引起共鸣。例如关于全球化的论述，关于技术变化的速度以及这种变化对社会的影响，社会关系等等。"
政治学教授：令人惊讶的现实意义
剑桥大学政治学教授加里斯特·琼斯说："如果你读《共产党宣言》，你不得不承认它是一个很有力、很了不起的文件。虽然出版于1848年，但我们现在经常谈到的全球化、裁员、跨国公司（国际公司）、世界经济朝这个或那个方向发展，所有这些内容书中都能找到，它有令人惊讶的现实意义，任何其他文献都没有这个力量。"
值得一提的是，在BBC评选"最伟大的哲学家"过程中，英国《经济学家》杂志曾经号召其读者把马克思从候选名单上拉下，希望读者选休谟。《经济学家》认为，马克思已经过时了，而资本主义是有效的等等。但英国公众得出了自己的决断。很多人认为今天世界各处发生的一切并不能否定马克思，只能证实他写的内容。
历史学家：惊人的预言
历史学家埃里克·霍布斯鲍姆试图找出马克思胜出的原因。他说："《共产党宣言》里对全球化的本质和效果有着惊人的预言。"
资产阶级哲学家和马克思的不同在于后者不只能分析资本主义体制的所有矛盾，也能指出一条另类选择的道路。正如马克思所说："哲学家仅仅用各种方法解释了世界，但重要的是，改变世界。"马克思解释说，资本主义必须被推翻，被社会主义--一个更加合理的体制--取而代之。
英国工党全国执行委员会的成员之一赛登在《卫报》撰写的一篇文章中说，马克思现在仍然对世人有启迪作用。重温马克思有关历史和辩证唯物主义的理论，我们能够看到，马克思不愧是一位天才，他的理论可以"解释一切"。
（马桂花 新华社特稿）
意大利思想界如何看待马克思主义
本报驻罗马记者 穆方顺
《光明日报》2005年7月28日
在1999年英国广播公司组织的评选中，科学社会主义的奠基人卡尔·马克思当选为"千年最伟大的思想家"。最近，英广公司第四电台又举办古今最伟大哲学家选举，卡尔·马克思再次超越维特根斯坦、休姆、康德、柏拉图、波普尔、沙特等声名显赫的人物，在全球十大哲学伟人中独占鳌头。在这次历时一个多月、有3万多人参加
投票的评选活动中，意大利思想学术界不仅积极参与投票，并且在国内掀起了一场研究和评价马克思主义的热潮。
各大媒体、学术刊物和研讨会上发表的诸多论文和讲话表明，意大利学者们有一个基本共识：对作为"革命预言家"的马克思虽然可以有不同的评价，但马克思对历史和社会发展规律的论述乃是科学的真理，任何人都无法否定，"马克思之伟大是永存的"。
著名历史学家坎弗拉指出：马克思是19世纪资本主义的最伟大的阐释者。而且，他以天才的洞察力总结出，迄今为止的西方历史都是生产方式和交换方式的变革史，因而也是对立阶级不断冲突的历史。他让所有的人--反动的、保守的、进步的、革命的以及研究古代和现代的学者--明白了历史的运动是变化过程中的形态。任何历史学家都不能撇开马克思。年逾9旬的意大利哲学家博比奥说："如果我们不是从马克思主义那里学会从'完全不同的角度'观察历史，并获得一个新的人类世界的广泛视野，我们就只能或者在内在的孤岛上修补学说，或者服务于旧的主人。"
学者们另外强调的一点是：马克思认为，工业社会宣告了公民的同一性，但同时又构成了消费者的等级。这种政治上或形式上的平等与社会的不平等，是马克思思考问题的出发点，也是今天依然存在的现实。马克思对剥削和压迫的深刻剖析和猛烈批判，确立了他是人类最伟大解放者之一的地位。今天所有为社会正义和资源公平分配而进行的斗争，仍然都是按照马克思主义的既定轨道进行的。
著名哲学家、社会学家萨尔瓦多利在都灵举行的《今日马克思主义》大型研讨会上发表的主旨演讲中说，马克思所了解和研究过的资本主义以及被他赋予改变整个经济、社会和政治关系历史使命的工业无产阶级都已经发生了很大变化，但马克思主义至少在三个方面仍然具有普遍指导意义：一是马克思所开启的分析经济、社会体制和意识形态三者关系的学说，这在一个多世纪以来已被学术界广泛承认。二是马克思所揭示的经济权力日益集中的趋势及其与政治权力的相互关系的学说。经济权力的集中及其与政治权力的联姻，构成了现代史上占统治地位的趋势，并且现在还在加强。无可否认，美国现政权正是大财阀的代表。《共产党宣言》指出：这种联姻"使未开化和半开化的国家从属于文明的国家，使农民的民族从属于资产阶级的民族，使东方从属于西方。"这不仅已被历史验证，也是国际现实的写照。在21世纪，财富与民主之间的失衡将日益难以承受。三是已经被事实证明了的马克思对"全球化"的科学预言。早在150多年前，马克思就预见到："资产阶级，由于开拓了市场，使一切国家的生产和消费都成为世界性的了……过去那种地方的和民族的自给自足和闭关自守状态，被各民族的各方面的互相往来和各方面的互相依赖所代替了。物质的生产是如此，精神的生产也是如此……它迫使一切民族--如果它们不想灭亡的话--采用资产阶级的生产方式。"马克思的这一论断，为各国人民如何观察和面对世界的发展和变化指明了道路。
著名社会学家弗朗基认为，人们通过对现实的反思，对马克思主义产生了新的激情。这当中也包括不能容忍把马克思主义定型为"前苏联官僚主义"所进行的一切模糊实验的"象征"。马克思曾反复说过，人不能预先确知未来。他生活在一个多世纪以前，并未对今日社会提出的具体问题作出回答。因此，对马克思科学社会主义学说本身及其历史作用的评价，需要有一个更深远和宏观的历史尺度。可以肯定的是，从历史和现实意义上看，谁都不能妄想使今人和后人远离马克思主义。（本报罗马7月19日电）
Kapital gain
Karl Marx is now the Home Counties' favourite
Mark Seddon
Thursday July 14, 2005
The Guardian
Karl Marx is the nation's most revered philosopher. No, this isn't old Soviet agitprop, but the result of a Radio 4 listeners' poll organised by the broadcaster Melvyn Bragg for his series In Our Time. The veteran Marxist historian, Eric Hobsbawm, thinks he knows why. His reasoning is as contemporary as Marx's was visionary. "The Communist Manifesto," he says, "contains a stunning prediction of the nature and effects of globalisation."
Taking 28% of the votes cast, the former down-at-heel Victorian gent, who suffered appalling outbreaks of boils, beat the Economist magazine's trumpeted candidate, David Hume, hands down. So with even the communist daily Morning Star keeping tight-lipped, the strange exhumation of Marx can only be attributed to thousands of Radio 4 listeners in the Home Counties. This is clearly a very real middle-class conspiracy, designed to give those ex-Marxists in the cabinet - John Reid and Charles Clarke among them - sleepless nights.
But should we really be so surprised? Marx, now freed from his flawed pupils, is as liberating as he was when he published the Communist Manifesto 150 years ago. Re-visiting Marx's theories on historical and dialectical materialism, it is possible to see a genius at work because, as Bragg would have it, "everything can be explained".
But then, as the self deprecating Marx once argued: "The philosophers have only interpreted the world in various ways. The point, however, is to change it." Marx reaches through the centuries not only because he understood how modern capitalism would exacerbate the divide between rich and poor, but because he could see that, left to its own devices, it would create monopoly and exploitation.
He could have left it there, but of course he believed that there had to be an alternative. And in these dumbed down times where Lord Birt's blue-sky thinking and management consultancy gobbledegook has our technocratic political class in a vice-like grip, it is refreshing to discover that thousands of Britons must believe that real change is possible. Amazingly for the slayers of social democracy in New Labour, as many of these people probably live in places like Esher and Surbiton as they do in Oxford and Cambridge.
Market fundamentalism has now replaced Marxism and its many derivatives in the west, as it has done in the east. Elsewhere, nationalism and religious fundamentalism vie to fill a dangerous, illiberal void. It is as if the age of enlightenment, of the Renaissance, had never happened. Marx spawned some horrors, and the flight from him by the political class has been so total that the gentler tradition of democratic socialism has been all but lost.
Marx's mother despaired at the futility of it all. "I wish you could make some capital rather than just writing about it," she once remonstrated. Well, maybe his old bankroller, Friedrich Engels, might have agreed, but Marx has left a rich intellectual inheritance. Before Gordon Brown has another chance to say "No return to boom and bust", I heartily recommend to him a few hours spent perusing Das Kapital.
· Mark Seddon is a member of Labour's national executive committee
Marx voted top thinker
Charlotte Higgins
Thursday July 14, 2005
The Guardian
In a shock result, Karl Marx has been voted the greatest ever philosopher following a poll by Melvyn Bragg's Radio 4 show In Our Time.
In the public's poll, which assessed 20 philosophers, Marx, author of the Communist Manifesto and Das Kapital, got 27.93% of the 30,000 votes. In second place came David Hume with 12.67%, followed by Ludwig Wittgenstein with 6.8%. Plato trailed in fifth place and Socrates at eighth.
Andrew Chitty, who, at Sussex University, teaches the UK's only MA in Marxist philosophy, said: "This shows that philosophy should take Marxism seriously. It is possible he won because Marxists organised a mass vote; they're much more organised than Hegelians, for instance.
"But I think it's more likely that people understand that in this increasingly capitalist world Marx gives us the best vision with which to understand that world. Marx talks about capital in a philosophical way - he's unique in that."
Marx wins BBC In Our Time's Greatest Philosopher vote
July 13, 2005 by Staff
www.revolutionmagazine.com
LONDON - If you had ever pondered the political leanings of BBC Radio 4 listeners, the vote is now in as Karl Marx was nominated as the Greatest Philosopher of all time.
The German philosopher and socialist topped the poll of 20 of the best known, most respected and influential philosophical thinkers.
With 28% of the 30,000 votes cast, Marx, who was championed by author and journalist Francis Wheen, came out as the clear winner.
Marx, who lived in London for many years and based his study of capitalism 'Das Capital' on some of his experiences of industry Britain, had more than twice as many votes as his nearest rival Scottish philosopher David Hume.
Hume, who picked up 12.7% of the vote, was championed in the poll by philosopher and author Julian Baggini.
Coming in third was another German, Wittgenstein, who was championed by Jonathan Sachs and nominated by, among others, Will Self. Wittgenstein garnered 6.8% of the vote.
In Our Time, presented by Lord Melvyn Bragg, ran the online poll over a period of five weeks and attracted more than a million hits to its website.
The programme will be devoting tomorrow's July 14 edition from 9.00-9.45am to a discussion of Marx and his ideas.
The poll sparked a wide-ranging debate with everyone from celebrities to newspapers getting involved.
The Guardian came out in favour of Kant; The Economist, Hume; and The Independent Wittgenstein, then changed its mind, playing on Wittgenstein's famous change of philosophical position.
BBC Radio 2 DJ Terry Wogan backed Marcus Aurelius; Anne Robinson nominated Nietzsche; Mariella Frostrup came out in favour of Kierkegaard; Stephen Fry nominated Plato; and John Humphrys French footballer-turned-actor Eric Cantona.
The 20-strong shortlist was decided after a first round; those with the highest number of votes went through to the next round where they had a specialist advocate, an expert academic who put the case forward for voting for that particular philosopher.
The final stage of the vote began on June 6 when listeners were able to vote for a philosopher from the final shortlist via the Radio 4 website. The vote ended at midnight on July 7.
Since the vote started, the MP3 downloads for 'In Our Time' have increased by 50%. The programme now records 30,000 downloads a week. Half of all downloads across BBC Radio are from the programme.
Before the vote, the 'In Our Time' website was getting 150,000 hits a week, that rose to 300,000 during the vote and has settled to around 220,000 a week now. 'In Our Time' is currently the most popular Radio 4 programme on the internet after 'The Archers'.
Nominee % Accepted votes
1. Marx 27.93%
2. Hume 12.67%
3. Wittgenstein 6.80%
4. Nietzsche 6.49%
5. Plato 5.65%
6. Kant 5.61%
7. Aquinas 4.83%
8. Socrates 4.82%
9. Aristotle 4.52%
10. Popper 4.20%
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