黄大昉以“5 -10米的间隔距离,转基因飘移的概率就会降至十万分之一至百万分之一,几乎可以忽略不计”欺骗误导全国人大常委会的事实
环境安全性评价主要包括遗传稳定性、生存竞争能力、生态环境和生物多样性。特别是通过花粉扩散、基因飘移等试验判断其对野生稻资源是否有不良作用;通过对稻田其它害虫、天敌、益虫、经济昆虫的评价观察其对生物多样性的影响。例如,考虑到我国是水稻起源中心之一,环境安全性评价中对野生稻保护格外重视。针对水稻花粉扩散和基因飘移问题,复旦大学、中国农科院多家研究单位进行了长达10年的试验,研究范围涵盖华东、华南、西南5个省市,对数百万株水稻样本逐一检测,结果发现转基因水稻“基因飘移”的规律同普通水稻一致;基因飘移概率与不同水稻种植空间的间隔距离相关,会随着距离增加而迅速下降:近距离(小于1米)条件下,相邻的非转基因水稻品种中,只有不到1%的植株出现了转基因水稻的基因片段;如果增加5-10米的间隔距离,转基因飘移的概率就会降至十万分之一至百万分之一,几乎可以忽略不计。最后,作出了“水稻是基因飘移低风险作物”的判断。有关结果已在国际著名生态学和分子生物学杂志发表,获得广泛好评。
黄大昉2010年6月25日欺骗误导全国人大常委会欺吹嘘“抗虫棉的研究开发是我国独立发展转基因育种,抢占国际生物技术制高点的范例”!
《倒了、倒了,黄大昉向人大常委会吹嘘的转基因棉也倒了!》揭露:
http://blog.sina.com.cn/s/blog_4bb17e9d0102dtu7.html
中国环保部必须尽快组织环境与生态保护科学家对中国1997年以来多年大规模商业化种植Bt转基因棉、、转基因先玉335玉米(以及试验性种植的转基因Bt稻米等)对于中国野生作物与非转基因传统作物造成转基因污染的范围开展全国范围调查研究
墨西哥六位科学家长期、广泛、深入、负责任的研究发现:种植转基因棉仅仅十五年,棉花基因与转基因通过种子与花粉散布可以在数千公里距离种群间迁移,导致墨西哥的野生棉被转基因材料污染,对生物多样性造成风险。
中国转基因“专家”开发的转基因Bt棉品种就那么神乎其神,真的像黄大昉“大仙”吹嘘的那样,在“5-10米的间隔距离,转基因飘移的概率就会降至十万分之一至百万分之一,几乎可以忽略不计”?
没有任何理由认为中国1997年以来多年大规模商业化种植Bt转基因棉、转基因先玉335玉米(以及试验性种植的转基因Bt稻米等)对于中国野生作物与非转基因传统作物造成转基因污染的情况与墨西哥有任何不同,大力支持“转基因技术”的高层领导却被黄大仙们一直蒙在鼓里、一无所知,继续被忽悠与误导!
中国高层领导必须尽快认清“转基因作物、转基因食品对消费者与环境,只有风险,绝对没有任何益处”!
Transgenic Cotton Harbours Hidden Dangers
墨西哥:转基因棉藏匿隐藏着的危险
转载自:http://ipsnews.net/news.asp?idnews=105542
翻译与转载者:陈一文([email protected])
(80年代两届全国青联委员)
《新浪网》“陈一文顾问博客”转载:http://blog.sina.com.cn/cheniwan
《陈一文顾问网站》:http://sea3000.net/cheniwan
Author: Emilio Godoy,Mexico
原文:(墨西哥)艾米丽奥·格多伊
IPS, Oct 20 2011
IPS网站发表于2011年10月20日
(Note: IPS (Inter Press Service News Agency)is an international communication institution with a global news agency at its core, raising the voices of the South and civil society on issues of development, globalization, human rights and the environment.)
(注:IPS(社间新闻服务社)是一家全球新闻社为核心的国际通讯机构,提高发展中国家与民全社会在发展、全球化、人权与环境问题上的声音。)
MEXICO CITY - Wild cotton in Mexico has been contaminated with genetically modified material, posing a risk to biodiversity, experts say.
墨西哥城消息 – 墨西哥的野生棉被转基因材料污染,对生物多样性造成风险,专家说。
This worrying conclusion was reached by six scientists at the National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM) and the National Commission for Knowledge and Use of Biodiversity (CONABIO) in a research study published this month in Molecular Ecology, an international journal.
墨西哥国家自治大学(National Autonomous University of Mexico - UNAM)与生物知识与使用国家委员会(National Commission for Knowledge and Use of Biodiversity - CONABIO)的六位科学家,在国际刊物《分子生态学》本月发表的研究论文获得该项令人担心结论。
In their article "Recent long-distance transgene flow into wild populations conforms to historical patterns of gene flow in cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) at its centre of origin", the experts showed that cotton genes and transgenes can be transferred between populations thousands of kilometres apart by seed dispersal.
在他们的论文《最近的长距离转基因流入野生种群与棉花(Gossypium hirsutum)原生态中心基因的历史性流动类型一致》中,这些专家表明棉花基因与转基因通过种子散布可以在数千公里距离种群间迁移。
They also found that varieties of Mexican wild cotton that harbour transgenes (genes from one species introduced artificially into another) undergo rapid evolution, with unpredictable consequences.
他们还发现,藏匿转基因(从一种品种人为引入另一种的基因)的墨西哥野生棉的某些品种发生快速进化,产生不可预料的后果。
"The genetic diversity of wild populations is very high, and that of cultivated cotton is very low. Gene flow can reduce the differentiation between populations, but we have no idea what impact that might have," the head of the research project, Ana Wegier of UNAM's Ecology Institute and the National Institute of Forestry, Agriculture and Livestock Research (INIFAP) told IPS.
“野生种群的基因多样性很高,人工种植棉花的基因多样性很低。基因流可以减少不同种群之间的差异,但是我们丝毫不了解可能发生的影响如何,”该研究项目的负责人安娜·维吉尔(Ana Wegier)这样说。她在墨西哥国家自治大学(National Autonomous University of Mexico - UNAM)的生态学院以及国家森林、农业与家畜研究研究所任职。
"What we are seeing is the effect on biodiversity of 15 years of growing transgenic crops under permits," she said.
“我们所看到的,是在许可证下种植转基因作物十五年的生物多样性影响,”她说。
In order to boost cotton cultivation, in decline because of the collapse of international prices and the growing dominance of synthetic fibres, in 1996 the Mexican government authorised experimental planting of genetically modified cotton, without paying heed to studies of its biological interactions in the country.
前些年,国际价格与人造纤维不断加强的支配地位造成的棉花种植下滑,为了加大棉花种植,墨西哥政府1996年授权试验性种植转基因棉,但是没有听从对于转基因棉在国内可能造成什么生物相互作用进行研究的提醒。
Since 2009, transgenic cotton has been grown on a commercial scale on an area of over 100,000 hectares, producing harvests of 500,000 tonnes, according to the Mexican agriculture ministry.
根据墨西哥农业部的资料,2009年以来,转基因棉商业化种植规模100,000公顷,棉花产量达到500,000吨。
Cottonseed is used mainly for oil and meal for animal feed, and transport of animal feed products might explain how transgenic seeds arrived in wild cotton populations.
棉籽主要用于榨油与加工动物饲料,动物饲料运输可能解释转基因种子怎么会到达野生棉种群。
The six authors collected 336 plants from 36 populations between 2002 and 2008. They also analysed seeds from three Mexican locations, the U.S. states of Texas and Virginia, and from Argentina, Brazil, India and Egypt. Of the 270 samples analysed, 66 were positive for transgenes.
六位在2002年与2008年收集了来自36个种群的336株作物。他们还对墨西哥三个地方、美国特克萨斯州与维吉尼亚州、阿根廷、巴西、印度与埃及的棉花种子进行了分析。在所分析的总共270个样品中,66个确切为转基因。
The scientists found that 1.4 percent of 5,985 permits to plant genetically modified cotton issued by the Mexican authorities between 1996 and the beginning of 2008 fell within the area of distribution of two wild cotton metapopulations, as collections of interacting populations of the same species are called.
这些科学家发现,墨西哥政府部门1996年到2008年初颁发的5,985个许可证中仅1.4%批准在两个“野生棉集中种群”(metapopulations)分布区域中种植。相同品种集中分布的相互作用野生棉种群称为“野生棉集中种群”。
A further 4.2 percent of the authorised transgenic crops were within a 300-km radius from three metapopulations. The remaining 94.4 percent were over 300 km away from all wild cotton metapopulations.
还有4.2%批准种植的转基因棉距离三个“野生棉集中种群”300公里半径范围内。其余94.4%在所有“野生棉集中种群”300公里以外。
As has already happened with native maize, contamination of wild strains could occur with other transgenic crops, which are slowly spreading in this Latin American country.
如同对当地玉米已经发生的那样,其他转基因作物可能污染野生株,在这个拉丁美洲国家里缓慢传开。
This concern is shared by 16,000 beekeepers in the southeastern state of Yucatán, where U.S. agribusiness giant Monsanto has a pilot plantation of genetically modified soy covering 30,000 hectares.
墨西哥南部Yucatán州的16,000家养蜂户对此有同样的担心,因为美国农业巨头孟山都在此建立了一个占地30,000公顷转基因大豆试验场。
Monsanto's soy has been genetically modified to confer resistance to an herbicide, glyphosate, which is sprayed on the crop to kill off non-resistant weeds.
孟山都的转基因大豆抗草甘膦除草剂,在作物上喷洒杀死对草甘膦不具有抗性的野草。
"In the soyfields, the bees turn very aggressive and instead of returning to the hive, they die on the way back, as the glyphosate applied to the crops damages their intestines," the local coordinator of the National Union of Autonomous Regional Campesino Organisations, Pablo Duarte, told IPS.
“在转基因大豆田中,蜜蜂变得富有侵略性,牠们不是返回蜂箱,而在返回途中死去,喷洒在作物上的草甘膦损坏了牠们的肠子,”自治区农夫组织全国联合会(National Union of Autonomous Regional Campesino Organisations)当地协调员帕布罗·杜瓦特(Pablo Duarte),告诉IPS(社间新闻服务社)。
"Our fear is that not only will the bees die, but we will not be able to sell our honey," he said.
“我们不仅怕蜜蜂死去,而且我们将无法卖出我们的蜂蜜,”他说。
In Mexico, some 45,000 beekeepers collect approximately 56,000 tons of honey a year. Their main market is the European Union, followed by the United States and Canada.
在墨西哥,大约45,000养蜂户每年收集56,000吨蜂蜜。他们的主要市场是欧盟,而后为美国与加拿大。
But the EU Court of Justice has already banned the sale of honey containing pollen contaminated by unauthorised transgenes.
但是,欧盟法院已经禁止销售包含非授权转基因污染的花粉的蜂蜜。
The first plots of genetically modified soy were evaluated in 2008. Currently 60,000 hectares of Mexican soil are producing transgenic soy.
2008年对首次种植的转基因大豆进行评估。目前,在墨西哥总共种植60,000公顷转基因大豆。
The government received 110 applications to grow transgenic maize on an experimental basis, and 11 applications since 2009 for pilot-scale projects, the stage before commercial cultivation. The agriculture ministry authorised 67 experimental fields covering 70 hectares in the north of the country, and at least 12 experimental transgenic wheat fields.
墨西哥收到在试验性基础上种植转基因玉米的110项申请,2009年开始商业化种植后受到11项申请。墨西哥农业部授权北部总共70公顷的67个转基因玉米试验田,以及至少12个转基因小麦试验田。
The 2005 Biosecurity Law for Genetically Modified Organisms states that the centres of origin of seeds must be defined before any permission can be given for transgenic crops.
2005年颁布的《转基因生物生物安全法》(Biosecurity Law for Genetically Modified Organisms)规定,颁发任何转基因作物种植许可前必须确定种子的原生态中心(centres of origin of seeds)。
The environmental watchdog Greenpeace reported the presence of transgenic maize in six out of Mexico's 32 states, as well as imports of genetically modified seeds of this staple food, which is profoundly symbolic in Mesoamerican cultures from central Mexico to Costa Rica.
环境监督组织绿色和平报告,在墨西哥32个州中6个州发现转基因玉米种植,还发现有转基因玉米种子的进口。玉米是中墨西哥到哥斯达黎加中美洲文化重要的主粮。
"Each case needs to be analysed separately, to the highest scientific standards," said Wegier, who is also a member of the Union of Socially Committed Scientists (UCCS) and is currently working on the genetics of avocados and green tomatoes.
“每一项事例必须以最高的科学标准分别分析,”维吉尔(Wegier)说,他也是“社会忠诚科学家联合会”(Union of Socially Committed Scientists - UCCS) 的成员,目前从事鳄梨与绿番茄基因研究。
"So far, decisions have been made without the benefit of scientific research done in Mexico, but now we have the opportunity to take decisions based on the precautionary principle (that activities that present an uncertain potential for significant harm should be avoided until they are proved to be harmless)," said the head of research.
“到目前为止,在不考虑墨西哥进行的科学研究情况下做出决定,但是现在我们有机会在预先警戒原则基础上做决定(即,存在不确定严重风险的活动应当避免,直到它们被证明无害),”该项研究的负责人说。
Although seed migration out of fields of genetically modified crops may be low, the study warns that once a single or a few transgenic individuals are dispersed into particular wild populations, they produce pollen that may fertilise local wild plants.
尽管转基因作物种籽逃逸出农田的可能性较低,该项研究警告,一旦一个或很少转基因提传播入野生种群中,它们产生的花粉可能使当地野生作物受精。
"Since transgenes are inserted within the nuclear genome, they can be dispersed both via pollen or seed," the document says.
“由于转基因插入到和基因组中,它们可以通过花粉或者种子传播开来,”论文说。
Genetically modified organisms "are going to contaminate all the varieties we have, and then we will have to depend on seeds from the big companies," Duarte warned.
转基因生物体“将污染我们拥有的所有品种,那时我们将被迫依赖与大公司供应的种子,”杜瓦特(Duarte)警告。
"If we lose our native seeds, we won't have seeds to plant. That's why we are asking the government to stop the sowing of transgenic maize and soy," he said. (END)
“如果我们丧失了我们本国本地的种子,我们将失去用于种植的种子。这就是为什么我们要求我们的政府停止种植转基因玉米与转基因大豆,”他说。
附录:
Recent long-distance transgene flow into wild populations conforms to historical patterns of gene flow in cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) at its centre of origin
最近的长距离转基因流入野生种群与棉花(Gossypium hirsutum)原生态中心基因的历史性流动类型一致
:A. WEGIER1,2, A. PIÑEYRO-NELSON1,2, J. ALARCÓN3, A. GÁLVEZ-MARISCAL4, E. R. ÁLVAREZ-BUYLLA1,2, D. PIÑERO1
单位:
1. Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Apartado postal 70-725, CP 04510, México DF, México
2. Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales, Agrícolas y Pecuarias, Progreso 5, Coyoacán, 04010, México DF, México
3. Centro de Ciencias de la Complejidad, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Apartado postal 70-725, CP 04510, México DF, México
4. Comisión Nacional para el Conocimiento y Uso de la Biodiversidad, Liga Periférico-Insurgentes Sur 4903, Parques del Pedregal, Tlalpan 14010, México DF, México
*Correspondence: Ana Wegier, Fax: (+52 55) 36 26 87 00 Ext. 104E-mail: [email protected]
通讯:Ana Wegier, Fax: (+52 55) 36 26 87 00 Ext. 104E-mail: [email protected]
Publish: Molecular Ecology, Volume 20, Issue 19, pages 4182–4194, October 2011
出版:分子生态学,第20卷,19期
Keywords: Gossypium hirsutum; long distance gene flow; metapopulations; Mexico; transgene flow
关键词:Gossypium hirsutum棉;长距离基因流动;集合种群;墨西哥;转基因流动。
Abstract
摘要:
Over 95% of the currently cultivated cotton was domesticated from Gossypium hirsutum, which originated and diversified in Mexico. Demographic and genetic studies of this species at its centre of origin and diversification are lacking, although they are critical for cotton conservation and breeding. We investigated the actual and potential distribution of wild cotton populations, as well as the contribution of historical and recent gene flow in shaping cotton genetic diversity and structure. We evaluated historical gene flow using chloroplast microsatellites and recent gene flow through the assessment of transgene presence in wild cotton populations, exploiting the fact that genetically modified cotton has been planted in the North of Mexico since 1996. Assessment of geographic structure through Bayesian spatial analysis, BAPS and Genetic Algorithm for Rule-set Production (GARP), suggests that G. hirsutum seems to conform to a metapopulation scheme, with eight distinct metapopulations. Despite evidence for long-distance gene flow, genetic variation among the metapopulations of G. hirsutum is high (He
目前耕种的棉花超过95%培育自Gossypium hirsutum棉(G. hirsutum棉),起源于墨西哥逐步多样化。缺乏对于这种棉花品种在其发源地及其多样化的时空分布统计学与基因研究,尽管它们对棉花品种保护与栽培具有关键性意义。我们对野生棉种群的实际分布与潜在分布进行了调查研究,同时对历史性基因流动与近期基因流动对棉花基因多样性与构造状态的形成进行了调查研究。我们利用叶绿体微型卫星对历史性的基因流动进行了评价,同时通过评估野生棉群中存在的转基因对近期的基因流动进行了评价,充分利用了转基因棉自1996年在墨西哥北部开始种植的事实。通过贝叶斯定理空间分析进行地理学结构评估,BAPS与基因遗传算法用于定规生产(GARP),提议G. hirsutum棉看来符合于具有八个完全分开的一种集合种群计划。尽管有长距离基因流动的证据,不同的G. hirsutum棉集合种群的基因差别较高(He
(译者注:欢迎专业人士对于笔者译文的准确性与专业性予以指正。)
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