“危地马拉是谋杀的天堂,因为你几乎笃定可以逍遥法外。”但一桩被预言的谋杀却还是掀起了轩然大波,它是如何发端的?请看《被预言的谋杀》第一部分。罗德里戈·罗森博格(Rodrigo Rosenberg)知道自己死期将至。这可不是因为年事已高,他还只有48岁。也不是因为诊断出了什么不治之症;他可是一名狂热的自行车手,身体非常健康。确切地说,在危地马拉,罗森博格是一位颇受尊敬的企业律师,他料定自己会遭到暗杀。
Before he began, in the spring of 2009, to prophesy his own murder, there was little to suggest that he might meet a violent end. Rosenberg, who had four children, was an affectionate father. The head of his own flourishing practice, he had a reputation as an indefatigable and charismatic lawyer who had a gift for leading other people where he wanted them to go. He was lithe and handsome, though his shiny black hair had fallen out on top, leaving an immaculate ring on the sides. Words were his way of ordering the jostle of life. He spoke in eloquent bursts, using his voice like an instrument, his hands and eyebrows rising and falling to accentuate each note. (It didn’t matter if he was advocating the virtues of the Guatemalan constitution or of his favorite band, Santana.) Ferociously intelligent, he had earned master’s degrees in law from both Harvard University and Cambridge University.
2009年春,他尚未预言自己被害命运之前,很难看出他会终结于暴力之手。罗森博格有四个小孩,是位和蔼可亲的父亲。他自己当老板,业务蒸蒸日上,作为律师,他素以不屈不挠和魅力不凡而享有盛誉,而且在领导与指挥别人上颇有天赋。他身形矫捷,英俊帅气,只是黑黝黝的头发已经开始秃顶,在四周留下光光的一圈。言辞是他的谋生之道。他善于雄辩,妙语连珠,说起话来又像乐器一般悦耳,配上手与眉的或抑或扬,话音尤显铿锵有力。(不论是为危地马拉宪法摇旗呐喊,还是为钟爱的乐队桑塔纳大声叫好,他都是如此表现。)智力超群的他在哈佛和剑桥都拿到了法律硕士学位。
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Rosenberg had been born into Guatemala’s oligarchy—a term that still applies to the semi-feudal Central American nation, where more than half of its fourteen million people, many of them Mayan, live in severe poverty. His mother had inherited a small fortune, and his father had acquired several businesses, including a popular chain of cinemas. (As a boy, Rosenberg had spent hours in the plush seats, entranced by the latest American films.) Rosenberg was accustomed to privilege. A car enthusiast, he drove a Mercedes and made an annual pilgrimage to Indianapolis to watch Formula 1 races. He had been married twice but was now single, living in an elegant high-rise overlooking Guatemala City.
罗森博格生于危地马拉的寡头之家,寡头这一术语仍然适用于这个半封建的中美洲国家,该国1400万人口中超过半数(他们中许多是玛雅人)生活极度贫困。他母亲继承了一大笔钱,父亲则获得了数份产业,包括一家大众连锁影院。(还是小孩时,罗森博格就在影院的毛绒座椅上度过了不少时间,他对最新的美国影片痴迷不已。)罗森博格养尊处优可谓习以为常。作为汽车发烧友,他开着一辆奔驰车,每年都远赴印第安纳波利斯去观看F1方程式大赛。他结过两次婚,不过现在是单身,从他居住的豪华高层楼房里,可以俯瞰危地马拉城。
Though his wealth allowed him a desultory life, he was “driven and motivated by his goals,” as a relative put it. When he began his studies at Cambridge, he had spoken almost no English, so Rosenberg informed his professors that he had recently undergone surgery on his vocal cords, and could not yet talk in class; in the meantime, he bought a television and watched it each night with closed-captioning until, after three months, he spoke with confidence.
虽然他的财富足够让他过上衣食无忧的生活,但如一名亲属所言,他“有自己的奋斗目标,这一直鞭策和激励着他”。刚进剑桥的时候,他几乎不会说英语,于是罗森博格对他的教授说,他声带刚做过手术,目前还不能在课上讲话;与此同时,他买来电视,关掉字幕,每晚观看,三个月后,他已经能熟练自如地讲英语了。
He was not a religious man, but he maintained a stark sense of good and evil, castigating others, as well as himself, for transgressions. When he was a child, his father had abandoned the family, a betrayal that Rosenberg had never forgiven; he even refused to accept an inheritance that his father had left him. One of Rosenberg’s closest friends noted that, if he thought you had crossed him, he could be brutal: “He was always very honest—sometimes, perhaps, too honest. He would say things that are true, but sometimes things that are true that you shouldn’t mention.” Though Guatemala’s judicial system was notoriously corrupt, Rosenberg was drawn to the clarity of the law, to its unflinching judgment. He argued, successfully, before the Constitutional Court, Guatemala’s equivalent of the U.S. Supreme Court, and in 1998 he became the vice-dean of a prominent law school. At the same time, he served as counsel for some of Guatemala’s most powerful élites—its coffee barons and corporate executives and government officials.
他不信教,但善恶分明,既严于律人,也严于律己。当他还是个孩子时,他父亲抛弃了家庭,对于这场背叛,罗森博格一直刻骨铭心;他甚至拒绝接受父亲留给他的遗产。罗森博格最亲密的朋友谈到,若他认为你反对他,他会残酷无情:“他总是非常直率,不过有时候,可能直率过了头。他会说,这些是对的,但有时候事情即使是对的,你也不该提。”尽管危地马拉司法系统的贪污腐败是出了名的,罗森博格依然对法律的明晰和确定不移的判决倾心不已。在宪法法院(危地马拉相当于美国最高法院的机构)上,他的辩论大获成功,1998年,他成为一所知名法律学院的副院长。同时,他还在危地马拉一些权势煊赫的精英人士(咖啡巨头、企业总裁和政府官员们)那儿担任法律顾问。
And, according to Rosenberg, it was a case involving one of these clients, Khalil Musa, that had placed his life in jeopardy. A Lebanese immigrant, Musa had risen from poverty to great wealth, manufacturing textiles and producing coffee. Stern, traditional, and hardworking, he liked to recite the inspirational poetry of Khalil Gibran, and was admired as one of the few magnates in Guatemala who refused to plunder the state or make payoffs for favorable deals. At seventy-six, he suffered from vertigo, and he increasingly relied on the younger of his two daughters, Marjorie, to help him manage his business. Marjorie, who was forty-two, was married with two children, and she had an easy ebullience that infused her simple features with beauty. She had mastered the intricacies of finishing fabrics, and she had always been—as her sister, Aziza, acknowledges, without rancor—their father’s favorite.
据罗森博格称,这些客户当中有一位叫卡里尔·穆萨(Khalil Musa),正是牵涉到他的一件案子将自己的生命置于危险境地。穆萨是黎巴嫩移民,出身贫穷,却挣下了万贯家财,他的生意主要是纺织与咖啡制造。他是个严苛、传统而又勤勉的人,喜爱背诵纪伯伦鼓舞人心的诗篇,在危地马拉,他是少数几位受人尊崇的巨头之一,他不会因有利可图而蠹蚀国家或大行贿赂。76岁的他患有眩晕症,日益依赖于两个女儿中的妹妹马约莉(Marjorie),马约莉时年42岁,已婚,有两个小孩,她生性单纯,热情洋溢的性格为之更添一份魅力。她精通纺织印染的复杂工艺,她姐姐阿齐萨(Aziza)毫无私怨地承认,妹妹向来都是父亲的掌上明珠。
Musa lived in an affluent neighborhood of Guatemala City, and Marjorie often drove him from their factory, on the outskirts of the capital, home for lunch. On April 14, 2009, they had set out on such a routine trip. The rainy season was a few weeks away, and so clouds had not obscured the steep volcanic cones that tower over the city, periodically showering the streets with ash. When Marjorie stopped at a red light, just outside the factory, a man got out of a car behind her and approached the Musas’ vehicle from the passenger side, as if to ask a question. He then aimed a 9-mm. pistol at Musa, and opened fire—a blur of smoke and light. The gunman sprinted to a motorcycle, where a driver was waiting for him, and hopped on the back seat. They sped away. The stoplight in front of the Musas’ car turned green, then red, and then green again, but the car remained in place, the engine still rumbling. One of the tinted windows on the passenger side had shattered, revealing father and daughter lying in one another’s blood. They had both been shot in the chest. The police arrived within minutes, but by then they were dead.
穆萨住在危地马拉城一个富裕小区里,马约莉经常开车从位于首都郊外的工厂载着他回家吃午饭。2009年4月14日,他们跟往常一样又启程了。离雨季还有几个星期,城市周围高耸而险峻的火山还不见云雾缭绕,不时会有火山灰掉落到大街上。出工厂没多远,当马约莉在一处红灯前停下时,一名男子从她身后的车里钻出来,接近了穆萨汽车的乘客位置,像是要问路。他随即掏出9毫米手枪对准了穆萨,枪响处,一抹烟雾和火光迸射而出。枪手飞奔向一辆摩托车,那儿有一名车手已经在等候,他跃上后座,摩托车疾驰而去。穆萨车前方的交通灯变绿,又变红,再变绿,车却丝毫未动,引擎还在隆隆作响。乘客座位一侧有扇染色玻璃已经粉碎,可以看到父亲与女儿倒在血泊之中。他们都是胸部中弹。警察几分钟后赶到,不过那时他们都已命丧黄泉。
Rosenberg had frequently expressed despair over the violence that consumed Guatemala. In 2007, a joint study by the United Nations and the World Bank ranked it as the third most murderous country. Between 2000 and 2009, the number of killings rose steadily, ultimately reaching sixty-four hundred. The murder rate was nearly four times higher than Mexico’s. In 2009, fewer civilians were reported killed in the war zone of Iraq than were shot, stabbed, or beaten to death in Guatemala.
对于吞噬危地马拉的暴力,罗森博格常常感到绝望。2007年,在联合国与世界银行的一项联合调查中,危地马拉名列全球凶杀最严重国家的第三位。2000至2009年间,被害者数目逐年稳定增长,最终达到了6400人。该国的谋杀率将近比墨西哥高出4倍。2009年,伊拉克战区报告罹难的平民数量甚至要少于危地马拉被枪杀、刺杀或殴打至死的人数。
The violence can be traced to a civil war between the state and leftist rebels, a three-decade struggle that, from 1960 to 1996, was the dirtiest of Latin America’s dirty wars. More than two hundred thousand people were killed or “disappeared.” According to a U.N.-sponsored commission, at least ninety per cent of the killings were carried out by the state’s military forces or by paramilitary death squads with names like Eye for an Eye. One witness said, “What we have seen has been terrible: burned corpses; women impaled and buried, as if they were animals ready for the spit, all doubled up; and children massacred and carved up with machetes.” The state’s counter-insurgency strategy, known as “drain the sea to kill the fish,” culminated in what the commission deemed acts of genocide.
暴力活动可追溯至政府军与左翼叛军的内战,从1960年至1996年,战争持续了30多年,堪称拉美肮脏战争中的极致。累计有超过20万人被害或“失踪”。据联合国资助的一个委员会统计,至少90%的杀害是政府军或准军事组织——“以眼还眼”之类行刑队所为。据一名目击者透露,“惨景历历在目:燃烧的尸体、钉死和活埋的女人,仿佛他们是动物一样,随时都可能被屠戮,甚至变本加厉,儿童遭到大肆屠杀,就直接拿着大砍刀劈的。”该国的戡乱战略以“赶尽杀绝”著称,委员会认定这归根结底是种族灭绝的暴行。
In 1996, the government reached a peace accord with the rebels, and it was supposed to mark a new era of democracy and rule of law. But amnesty was granted for even the worst crimes, leaving no one accountable. (Critics called the policy “the piñata of self-forgiveness.”) In 1998, the Guatemalan Archdiocese’s Office of Human Rights, led by Bishop Juan Gerardi, released a four-volume report, “Guatemala: Never Again,” which documented hundreds of crimes against humanity, identifying some perpetrators by name. Two days later, Gerardi was bludgeoned to death, a murder that was eventually revealed to be part of a conspiracy involving military officers.
1996年,政府与叛军达成和平协议,本以为这标志着民主法治的新时代即将来临。但是,即使那些罪大恶极的犯人也被大赦,谁都不用承担责任。(批评家称该政策为“自我宽恕的皮纳塔【译注:皮纳塔是拉丁美洲特有的一种泥制彩色装饰品,此处用来形容该政策的华而不实和不堪一击】”)1998年,由主教胡安·杰拉尔迪(Juan Gerardi)领导的危地马拉总教区人权办公室发布了一份长达四卷的报告《危地马拉:前车之鉴》,其中记录了违反人权的数百项罪行,并注明了作恶者的姓名。两天之后,杰拉尔迪就被乱棒打死,最后发现,这次凶杀是阴谋策划好的,参与密谋的就有军官。
After the peace accord, the state’s security apparatus—death squads, intelligence units, police officers, military counter-insurgency forces—did not disappear but, rather, mutated into criminal organizations. Amounting to a parallel state, these illicit networks engage in arms trafficking, money laundering, extortion, human smuggling, black-market adoptions, and kidnapping for ransom. The networks also control an exploding drug trade. Latin America’s cartels, squeezed by the governments of Colombia and Mexico, have found an ideal sanctuary in Guatemala, and most of the cocaine entering America now passes through the country. Criminal networks have infiltrated virtually every government and law-enforcement agency, and more than half the country is no longer believed to be under the control of any government at all. Citizens, deprived of justice, often form lynch mobs, or they resolve disputes, even trivial ones, by hiring assassins.
和平协议缔结之后,该国的安全机构——行刑队、情报机关、警官、军方戡乱部队——并未消亡,而是突变为犯罪组织。这些非法网络好比是另一个并行的国度,武器走私、洗钱、敲诈勒索、偷渡、黑市贩卖人口和绑架索赎,简直无恶不作。这些网络所控制的毒品交易迅速扩大。拉美犯罪集团在哥伦比亚和墨西哥遭到严厉打击,却在危地马拉找到了理想的避难所,绝大多数进入美国的可卡因现在都经由该国周转。犯罪网络几乎渗透到每一政府及司法机构,该国半数以上的人完全不认为政府在管事。那些享受不到司法公正的平民常常沦为私刑暴民,或者他们靠雇佣杀手来解决争端,哪怕是琐碎小事也不例外。
Some authorities have revived the darkest counter-insurgency tactics, rounding up undesirables and executing them. Incredibly, the death rate in Guatemala is now higher than it was for much of the civil war. And there is almost absolute impunity: ninety-seven per cent of homicides remain unsolved, the killers free to kill again. In 2007, a U.N. official declared, “Guatemala is a good place to commit a murder, because you will almost certainly get away with it.”
有的当局重新恢复了最黑暗的戡乱手段,把那些不受欢迎者聚拢起来,然后统一处决。不可思议的是,如今危地马拉的死亡率甚至比内战大部分时间都高。而且杀人到了肆无忌惮的地步:97%的凶杀至今是悬案,杀手随意便可再开杀戒。2007年,一位联合国官员称,“危地马拉就是谋杀的天堂,因为你几乎笃定可以逍遥法外。”
After Rosenberg heard that the Musas had been shot, he rushed to the scene. Luis Mendizábal, a longtime friend and client of Rosenberg’s, told me, “I asked him to come and pick me up, so we could go to the place together. He said, ‘No, no, no. I’m not going to lose any time. I’m going directly.’ So he went. He couldn’t believe it. Then he came back over here, and cried, easily, for two hours.” His oldest son, Eduardo, who was twenty-four, told me that it was only the second time he had seen his father break down, the first being when Rosenberg revealed that he was separating from Eduardo’s mother. He seemed “completely destroyed” by the Musas’ deaths, Eduardo recalled.
得知穆萨父女被枪杀,罗森博格匆匆赶往现场。路易斯·蒙迪扎巴尔(Luis Mendizábal)是罗森博格的老友和客户,他对我说,“我要他过来捎我一起去,这样我们就能一块赶到那儿。但他说,‘不,不,不。我不能浪费一点时间,我要直接赶过去。’这样他就去了。他不敢相信眼前所见。后来他又返回那儿,放声大哭,足足哭了两个小时。”他的长子爱德华多(Eduardo)现年24岁,他告诉我,除了与爱德华多母亲分手时之外,这还是第二次他看到父亲如此形神俱毁。爱德华多回忆道,穆萨父女之死似乎“彻底摧垮”了他。
Though the crime was horrific, Rosenberg’s deeply emotional reaction was surprising. Musa was not a big client or someone he knew that well. Then Rosenberg told his son a secret: for more than a year, he and Marjorie had been having an affair.
尽管罪行可怖,但罗森博格极度的情感反应还是令人意外。穆萨不是个大客户,与他交往也不甚深。后来罗森博格告诉了儿子一个秘密:一年多来,他一直与马约莉有染。
They had planned to marry, but had not wanted to disclose their relationship until Marjorie got a divorce. Almost every day, they had exchanged text messages. On March 3, 2009, five weeks before the shooting, Marjorie wrote to Rosenberg, “I love you like I’ve never loved before. And, yes, I will marry you.” A few days later, she said, “Good night my love, my prince, my whole life. You don’t know how much I love you, how much I adore you, and how much I need you. You are so tender with me. And you’re the sweetest man I know.” She added, “I’m dying to live the rest of my life at your side.” He called her “my Marjorie de Rosenberg” and told her that she gave him “the strength to be a better man” and that they were “living an incredible love story.” Hours before she was killed, he ended a message with the words “Your prince forever.”
他们计划结婚,不过打算等马约莉离婚之后再公布他们的关系。几乎每天他们都在互发短信。2009年3月3日,枪击发生5周之前,马约莉写给罗森博格,“我爱你,我从未爱过这么深。是的,我要嫁给你。”几天之后,她又说,“晚安,我的爱人,我的王子,我的全部生命。你不知道我有多么爱你,多么恋你,多么需要你。你对我温柔备至,你是我所知道的最甜蜜的男人。”末了还添一句,“我渴望余生与你作伴。”他唤她“我罗森博格家的马约莉”,并告诉她,是她给了他“不断进步的力量”,而且他们“活在一个妙不可言的爱情故事里。”就在被害前的几个小时,他还在一条消息的末尾署下“你永远的王子”。
In tears, Rosenberg told his son, “They killed her! They killed her!” He told Mendizábal the same thing, repeating the words over and over.
眼含热泪,罗森博格对他儿子说,“他们杀了她!他们杀了她!”他向蒙迪扎巴尔讲述了同样的事情,一遍又一遍地念叨着这句话。
The shootings unnerved the most powerful members of Guatemalan society. Khalil Musa knew Guatemala’s President, Álvaro Colom, who had also worked in the textile industry; Marjorie was a good friend of Gustavo Alejos, who was Colom’s private secretary, and whose brother was the head of Congress. An adviser to President Colom told me, “If the Musas could be killed, there was a sense that anyone could be.”
枪杀让危地马拉社会最有权势的人物都感到紧张不安。穆萨认识危地马拉总统阿尔瓦罗·科罗姆(Álvaro Colom),且总统也在纺织行业干过;马约莉是科罗姆私人秘书古斯塔沃·阿莱霍斯(Gustavo Alejos)的好友,而古斯塔沃的哥哥是国会领导人。科罗姆总统的一名顾问告诉我,“如果穆萨父女都能被害,那给人的感觉就是谁都无法幸免了。”
Thousands of people showed up for the Musas’ funeral, Alejos among them. Rosenberg, concerned that his affair with Marjorie might cause a scandal, stood outside the chapel, watching from a distance. A few days later, Rosenberg received a call from a jeweller, who informed him that Marjorie had ordered a gift for him before her death—a wedding ring. “This is the message she sent me,” he told Mendizábal.
数千人出席了穆萨的葬礼,阿莱霍斯也在其中。罗森博格担心他与马约莉的韵事会引发丑闻,只好站在教堂外,远远地观望。几天之后,罗森博格接到珠宝商的电话,说马约莉生前订了一份礼物送给他——一枚结婚戒指。“这是她发给我的信号,”他对蒙迪扎巴尔说。
穆萨父女惨遭杀害,罗森博格痛不欲生,之后他会进行怎样的调查?情势一发不可遏制,罗森博格命运究竟如何?请看《被预言的谋杀》第二部分。
那一周,商界领袖举行了一次记者招待会,宣称此次暗杀是危地马拉人“束手无策”的又一征兆,并要求当局对该件罪行予以全面调查。罗森博格与大多数危地马拉精英人士一样,持有保守观点,早就企盼着能依法治国。2005年,他曾参与从墨西哥引渡危地马拉前总统的工作,该人被指控当政时贪污了数百万美元。罗森博格一位密友说,危地马拉司法系统的无能“蚕食了罗森博格的勇气。”3
Rosenberg warned family and friends that the Musa murders would never be properly investigated. The criminal networks would either block the investigation or destroy the evidence, and if a probe somehow proceeded they would frame a scapegoat; finally, if all else failed, the gangsters would threaten to kill members of the judiciary system, who would bury the case. The Musas’ deaths, he predicted, would become just another statistic. Nevertheless, Rosenberg could not let the matter go: Why, he asked, had an honorable man like Musa been “put down like a dog”? And what had Marjorie, an exemplary daughter, done to deserve this?
罗森博格告诫家人与朋友,穆萨凶杀案永远都得不到妥善调查。犯罪网络要么阻止调查,要么毁灭证据,就算调查取得进展,他们也会找到替罪羊;万一最后这些都不奏效,这帮匪徒还会向司法系统中办理此案的人员发出死亡通牒。他推测,穆萨父女之死只不过是又一统计数据罢了。无论怎样,罗森博格都不会善罢甘休:他叩问,为什么像穆萨这样德高望重的人会“像只狗一样被杀掉”?而且,马约莉这样的乖女儿,究竟造了什么孽会遭此下场?
Mendizábal, the longtime friend, says that after the funeral Rosenberg asked him for help, vowing to “go all the way to find out who killed the Musas.” Mendizábal was the one person Rosenberg knew who could help him take on the parallel powers that dominated Guatemala. A genteel-looking grandfather, with a silver mustache and birdlike eyes, he was known for making business deals, sometimes with the government, and he owned a clothing shop, in Guatemala City, that catered to a wealthy male clientele. But Mendizábal was no mere entrepreneur. It was whispered that, as in a John le Carré novel, the boutique also served as a meeting place for military-intelligence officers, coup plotters, and death-squad leaders.
老友蒙迪扎巴尔说,葬礼之后,罗森博格曾请求他伸出援手,发誓“要不惜一切代价找出杀害穆萨父女的凶手。”罗森博格明白,蒙迪扎巴尔能助他与控制危地马拉的黑道势力较量。蒙迪扎巴尔老爷子长相斯文,银色的胡须,鸟一般的眼睛,他在危地马拉城开了一家服装店,专门服务于有钱的男性顾客。不过蒙迪扎巴尔可不仅是生意人。据密传,正如约翰·勒·卡雷(John le Carré)在一部小说里描述的,时装店也是军方情报官员、政变策划者和行刑队头目的聚会场所。
Mendizábal was Guatemala’s most notorious spy. Relying on an extensive network of orejas, or “ears,” he regularly compiled intelligence dossiers, vacuuming up even the most vaporous rumors and searching for patterns in the chaos of information. A former high-ranking U.N. official, who spent years investigating crimes in the country, told me, “Mendizábal has probably records on everyone in Guatemala. He knows everything: who is the lover of whom, who has money in the Cayman Islands, who has committed a murder. Everything.” Such information placed Mendizábal in great demand, and he had served as an adviser to several Guatemalan Presidents, including, for a while, Colom. Mendizábal presented himself as a fanatical anti-Communist, but his ideology, apparently, was flexible when it came to business: according to the newspaper El Periódico, he had once been caught smuggling weapons to Communist guerrillas in El Salvador. Mendizábal told me that he had never played both sides of Central America’s civil conflicts, but he seemed to embrace a Machiavellian persona: “The one who has the knowledge has the power. That’s why some people are afraid of the stuff that I do.”
蒙迪扎巴尔是危地马拉最臭名昭著的间谍。依靠“耳朵”这个无孔不入的网络,他定期汇编情报档案,甚至是最捕风捉影的传闻都收录在内,并在各色信息中搜索匹配项。一位花费数年时间调查该国犯罪的前联合国高级官员对我说,“蒙迪扎巴尔或许有危地马拉每个人的记录。他无所不知:谁是谁的爱人,谁在开曼群岛存了钱,谁参与了谋杀。任何事情都逃不过他法眼。”这些信息让蒙迪扎巴尔炙手可热,他出任了几届危地马拉总统的顾问,包括也为科罗姆干过一段。蒙迪扎巴尔自陈是狂热的反共分子,但是,若涉及生意,他的意识形态显然是灵活多变的:据报纸《El Periódico》披露,他一度因私运武器给萨尔瓦多的共产主义游击队而被捕。蒙迪扎巴尔告诉我,在中美洲内战冲突中,他从未扮演过两面派,但他貌似信奉马基维利主义【译注:一种为达目的不择手段的政治权术理论】:“谁掌握信息,谁就握有权力。这就是有些人害怕我那些材料的原因。”
蒙迪扎巴尔同意帮助罗森博格,他们开始调查此案。马约莉葬礼举行之后不久,罗森博格获得了一份监控录像的副本,这记录了凶案发生当日穆萨纺织厂外的场景。蒙迪扎巴尔与罗森博格一起在服装店里的电脑上看了录像,他说,罗森博格反复播放这段录像,搜寻着蛛丝马迹。不同于罗森博格在他父亲影院中看过的那些逃避现实的影片,这些颗粒状的黑白图像可是直击人心、没有剧本的叙事。它们显示,在穆萨工厂前停着一辆卡车。司机在汽车里出出进进,眼睛瞟着路面。蒙迪扎巴尔告诉罗森博格,这家伙显然是在望风。
Rosenberg stared helplessly at the implacable sequence that came next. A silhouette appeared in the corner of the screen: Marjorie, getting into her car. Rosenberg touched the television screen—she was there but not there. As Marjorie drove onto the street, with her father at her side, the car with the assassin raced up behind them, followed by the driver on the motorcycle. (The hit men were obeying a new law banning two people from travelling on a motorcycle—a law that was supposed to curb assassinations, since so many were carried out by hit men riding on back seats.) Rosenberg braced himself. After a flash, Marjorie vanished from the frame.
罗森博格无助地盯着接踵而来的那幕令人激愤难平的场景。一个身影出现在屏幕一角:马约莉上车了。罗森博格抚摸着电脑屏幕——她在那,却又不在那。马约莉驱车出发了,身边坐着她的父亲,杀手的车紧跟在他们后面,再接着是那辆摩托车。(杀手倒是遵守了新法律,没有两人骑在一辆摩托车上——该法律本是为了遏制暗杀的,因为许多情况下都是坐在后座的人下手。)罗森博格鼓起勇气往下看。一片闪光之后,马约莉便从图像中消失了。
The hit squad had displayed military precision, raising the prospect that the crime was carried out by the state’s security apparatus. The ballistics report indicated that Khalil Musa was hardly a random victim. He had been shot nine times. The bullet that killed Marjorie was a stray—it had apparently passed through Musa’s body before piercing hers.
杀手小组下手之精准有如军人,由此来看,此次犯罪由国家安全机构实施的可能性挺大。弹道报告表明,穆萨并非随机的被害者,他身中九弹。杀死马约莉的则是一颗流弹——显然,它穿透了穆萨的身体,射中了她。
In Guatemala, impunity has created a bewildering swirl of competing stories and rumors, allowing powerful interests not only to cloak history but also to fabricate it. As Francisco Goldman describes in his incisive 2007 book, “The Art of Political Murder,” about the assassination of Bishop Gerardi, the military and its intelligence operators concocted evidence and witnesses to generate endless hypotheses—it was a robbery, it was a crime of passion—in order to conceal the simple truth that they had murdered him. “So much would be made to seem to connect,” Goldman writes.
在危地马拉,有罪不罚曾制造出众多纷纷扰扰、令人迷惑、自相矛盾的故事与谣言,使得那些强大的利益集团不仅可以掩盖历史,还可以篡改历史。正如弗朗西斯科·高曼(Francisco Goldman)在其一针见血的书《政治谋杀术》中的描述,对于杰拉尔迪主教被害一案,军方及其情报人员捏造证据和证人,给出的假设没完没了——是抢劫,是激情犯罪——目的就是要掩盖“他们谋杀了他”这个简单事实。“能扯上关系的真可谓无所不有,”高曼写道。
Guatemalans often cite the proverb “In a country of the blind, the one-eyed man is king.” Fighting his way through the political fog, Rosenberg searched for a motive, stubbornly insisting that, if two people were assassinated, then somebody had a reason to kill them. In notes he kept about the case, he reported that authorities had initially suggested the shootings stemmed from a dispute over a fired factory worker. But, by all accounts, Musa had treated his workers well. Were the police and authorities trying to cover something up, spinning another web of disinformation?
危地马拉人时常引用一句谚语“盲人之国,独眼为王”。罗森博格欲以自己的方式冲破政治迷雾,他寻找着动机,他坚持认为,如果两人被暗杀,那一定是有人为着什么去杀他们。他在关于此案留下的笔记里记述道,当局起初暗示枪杀起因于和一个被解雇工人的争执。不过,大家都说穆萨对工人不错。是否警方和当局意图掩盖什么,是否他们又在编织一张假情报之网?
Finally, a lead emerged. Mendizábal advised Rosenberg to look into the murky business surrounding two government positions for which Khalil Musa had been nominated in the months before his assassination. The nominations were for seats on the boards of directors of two institutions with strong ties to the state—most notably, the Rural Development Bank, known as Banrural. President Colom has called Banrural “our Administration’s financial arm,” and has relied on it to fund major social-welfare programs for the poor. These programs were administered by Guatemala’s First Lady, Sandra de Colom, a powerful politician who is often compared to Eva Perón, and who aspires to succeed her husband.
终于,一条线索浮出水面。穆萨在遭暗杀前数月曾被提名过两个政府位置,蒙迪扎巴尔建议罗森博格去调查下有关这两职位的黑暗交易。所提名的是两家机构的董事会席位,而这些机构与政府颇有渊源——最有名的是农村发展银行,又称农村银行(Banrural)。科罗姆总统曾称农村银行是“我们政府部门的财政支柱”,并靠它来为面向穷人的主要社会福利计划筹集资金。而这些计划交由危地马拉第一夫人桑德拉·科罗姆(Sandra de Colom)管理,科罗姆夫人是一位经常与贝隆夫人相提并论的强权政治家,她志在接她丈夫的班。
Before Musa died, he had talked to Rosenberg about whether to accept the positions. Rosenberg considered entering Guatemalan politics a folly. With friends from law school, he had once started a conservative political party, but he had quit after it joined forces with traditional corrupt hands. Rosenberg told Musa, “Truthfully, I don’t think it’s a good idea.” Musa, hoping to help the country, accepted the offers anyway.
穆萨生前曾与罗森博格谈及是否接受这些位置。罗森博格认为进入危地马拉政坛是愚蠢的。他与法律学院的友人一起,曾经组建过一个保守派政党,但在该党与传统腐败势力同流合污之后,他就退出了。罗森博格对穆萨说,“实话实说,我认为这不是个好主意。”穆萨希望帮助这个国家,总之他还是接受了这些提名。
But the nominations, mysteriously, had never gone through. Rosenberg learned from Mendizábal that there had been a fierce struggle over control of the two boards, which, together, manage enormous financial resources. According to Mendizábal, Musa’s uncompromising ethics posed a threat to parties with stakes in these institutions. Indeed, Marjorie’s sister, Aziza, told Rosenberg that, after her father was offered the nominations, he had attended a lunch where officials connected to the institutions discouraged Musa from taking the posts, and even insulted him. Afterward, Aziza recalled, her father sent letters to some of these officials, saying, “You won’t tell me what to do.” Musa soon received threatening text messages and calls, including one noting that the farm of a meddling government official had been torched.
但诡秘的是,这些提名一直都未获批准。罗森博格从蒙迪扎巴尔那儿了解到,这两大董事会的控制权之争异常激烈,因为它们共同掌管着巨量金融资源。据蒙迪扎巴尔说,穆萨毫不妥协的为人对那些参股两家机构的党派而言无疑是一大威胁。的确,马约莉的姐姐阿齐萨也告诉罗森博格,她父亲被提名之后曾出席过一场午宴,席上,与这些机构有关的官员劝阻穆萨放弃这些位置,甚至对他出言不逊。后来,据阿齐萨回忆,她父亲发信给其中一些官员说,“你休想指挥我该做什么。”穆萨很快就接到了威胁短信和电话,其中一个口气强硬,说是一位从中作梗的政府官员的农场就曾遭纵火。
Rosenberg eventually ferreted out from Musa’s papers several documents concerning the appointments. One was a copy of a letter Musa had sent to the head of a group of small coffee growers that had a stake in the direction of Banrural. Musa said that he would not tolerate messages embedded with “double meanings,” adding, “I protect myself from my enemies.”
罗森博格最终从穆萨的文件里查获了一些有关这些任命的文档。其中一份是穆萨发给一个小咖啡种植者组织负责人信件的副本,该组织与农村银行的管理存在利害关系。穆萨表示他不会容忍那些嵌入“双重含义”的消息,并补充道,“我会保护自己,免遭敌人所害。”
Aziza said of her father, “He always says the truth and I think that is why he was murdered.”
关于父亲,阿齐萨评价道,“他总喜欢讲真话,我看,这就是他被害的原因所在。”
As Rosenberg dug deeper into the subterranean world of Guatemalan politics, he told friends that he had begun receiving threats himself. One day, Mendizábal says, Rosenberg gave him a phone number to write down—it was the number that showed up on his caller I.D. when he received the threats.
随着罗森博格对危地马拉政坛的地下世界挖掘得更深,他告诉好友说,自己也开始收到威胁了。蒙迪扎巴尔说,有一天,罗森博格给了他一个电话号码并要他记下来——接到威胁时,来电显示里正是这个号码。
Rosenberg told friends that his apartment was under surveillance, and that he was being followed. “Whenever he got into the car, he was looking over his shoulder,” his son Eduardo recalled. From his apartment window, Rosenberg could look across the street and see an office where Gustavo Alejos, President Colom’s private secretary, often worked. Rosenberg told Mendizábal that Alejos had called him and warned him to stop investigating the Musas’ murders, or else the same thing might happen to him. Speaking to Musa’s business manager, Rosenberg said of the powerful people he was investigating, “They are going to kill me.” He had a will drawn up.
罗森博格告诉朋友,他的公寓处于监视之中,有人跟踪了他。“每次钻进汽车时,他都会四下瞧瞧,”他儿子爱德华多回忆道。由公寓的窗口,罗森博格能俯瞰街道,他看到了一家办事处,总统科罗姆的私人秘书古斯塔沃·阿莱霍斯常在此办公。罗森博格告诉蒙迪扎巴尔,阿莱霍斯曾打电话给他,警告他停止调查穆萨父女谋杀案,否则同样的事情也会落到他头上。在与穆萨的商务经理的谈话中,罗森博格提及了他正在调查的强权人物,“他们将要杀了我。”他还拟定了一份遗嘱。
Mendizábal says that on Friday, May 8, 2009, he advised Rosenberg to leave the country. Rosenberg promised that he would, but not yet. He felt that he was on the verge of identifying who had ordered the hit on the Musas, and was collecting irrefutable proof, which he intended to present at the International Criminal Court. On Saturday evening, Rosenberg called Marjorie’s sister and told her that he planned to go for a bicycle ride the next morning, to clear his mind. On Sunday, just after 8 A.M., he pedalled away from his apartment building, listening to his iPod. After a few hundred yards, Rosenberg turned onto a service road. A gunman approached quickly, running across a grassy median toward him. No one saw the assassin as he pointed a 9-mm. pistol at Rosenberg’s head and repeatedly pulled the trigger.
2009年5月8日星期五,蒙迪扎巴尔建议罗森博格离开这个国家。罗森博格许诺会离开,但现在还不是时候。他感觉就快要找出袭击穆萨父女的幕后元凶了,他正在搜集无可辩驳的证据,并打算向国际刑事法庭呈交这些证据。星期六晚,罗森博格打电话给马约莉的姐姐,说他打算明早去骑会自行车,清醒一下头脑。星期日,8点刚过,他就从居住的公寓楼里蹬着车出来了,一边听着iPod。骑行几百码之后,他拐上一条便道。一名枪手迅速靠近,穿过一块绿色隔离带,直朝他奔去。无人目击这场谋杀,枪手用9mm手枪指着罗森博格的头,不断扣响着扳机。
Not long afterward, Rosenberg’s chauffeur was on his way to Rosenberg’s apartment when he saw his boss lying on the ground, surrounded by paramedics and police officers. He phoned Eduardo Rosenberg. “He told me I had to go near my dad’s house, about a block away,” Eduardo recalled. “He didn’t want to say what had happened. He just told me that I had to go there. So I hung up the phone. I started panicking, trying to get dressed. I picked up the phone again and called the driver. And I demanded to know what had happened. He still didn’t want to say. So I asked him, ‘Is my dad dead?’ He said, ‘Yes.’ ”
没多久,罗森博格的司机前往罗森博格的寓所,途中,他见到老板躺在地上,四周围着护理人员和警官。他打电话给爱德华多。“他告诉我,我得赶紧去我爸那,我们大约就相隔了一个街区,”爱德华多回忆道。“他不想说发生了什么。只是说我必须赶到那。这样我就挂了电话。我惊慌失措起来,连衣服都穿不好了。我再次拿起电话打给司机。我要求知道所发生的一切。他还是什么也不说。因此我问他,‘是不是我爸爸死了?’他说,‘是的。’”5月11日星期一上午,科罗姆总统去他的主办公室工作,办公室位于总统府的第二层,是一间安全无窗的房子。该建筑的地下有一条地道通往国宫。这两栋建筑【译注:指总统府和国宫】都是豪尔赫·乌必哥(Jorge Ubico)下令建造的,乌必哥是该国1930年代至1940年代初当政的元首,他视自己为拿破仑再生,那一纪念性的石建筑【译注:指国宫】显露出他的狂妄自大。(该建筑充斥着五道拱门之主题,这是向Ubico五个字母致敬。)科罗姆在办公室与宫殿之间来往穿梭时,面对的都是该国暴力史的暗示:行政办公室是一位总统在政变中被罢黜的地方;餐厅则是一位军事独裁者遭警卫人员刺杀的地方,该警卫人员随后饮弹自杀。
Colom, who was fifty-seven, was unusually reticent for a politician. Tall and severely thin, with bent shoulders, receding gray hair, and owlish glasses, he looked like a seminarian, which he had studied to be before turning to politics. A congenital lip deformity caused him to speak in a nasal, almost unintelligible whisper. He had experienced a number of tragedies: his first wife was killed in a car accident, and in 1979 his uncle, a popular progressive politician, joined Guatemala’s pantheon of martyrs when the military, after chasing him through the capital on motorcycles and in a helicopter, assassinated him.
科罗姆时年57岁,身为政治家,他异乎寻常的少言寡语。瘦高的个子,屈起的肩膀,谢顶的白发,加上猫头鹰式的眼镜,他看去如同一位神学院学生,在转攻政治之前,他确实学的是神学。天生的嘴唇畸形致使他说话带有鼻音,耳语般几乎听不大清。他经历过数次人生惨剧:他结发妻子死于车祸;1979年,他的叔叔,一位颇受欢迎的进步政治家,成为危地马拉众位烈士中的一员,军方先是在首都动用摩托车和直升机对其追捕,而后将其暗杀。
In 2007, Colom, representing a social-democratic coalition, won the Presidency—the first time in five decades that a left-of-center leader had ruled Guatemala. The election was one of the bloodiest in the country’s history: more than fifty local candidates and party activists were murdered, and Colom’s campaign manager was nearly killed by three grenades thrown at his motorcade. Colom defeated Otto Pérez Molina, a conservative former general who had once overseen military intelligence. In the eighties, he had taught at the School of the Kaibiles, which produced an élite force of commandos whose training included slaughtering animals and drinking their blood, and whose motto was “A Kaibil is a killing machine.”
2007年,代表社会民主党同盟的科罗姆登上了总统宝座,这是五十年来首次由左中翼领导人统治危地马拉。选举也是该国历史上最血腥的一页:超过50位本地候选人和党派活动家遇害,而科罗姆的竞选主管也差点被扔进他车队的三枚手榴弹炸死。科罗姆在选举中击败了奥托·佩雷斯·莫利纳(Otto Pérez Molina),这是一位保守派的前任将军,曾主管军方情报部门。1980年代,莫利纳任教Kaibil学校【译注:Kaibil是危地马拉军方的一种特殊作战部队,擅长丛林作战和戡乱行动】,负责培养精锐的突击部队,他们的训练项目包括屠宰动物并喝它们的血,其口号是“一名Kaibil就是一台杀人机器。”
Colom declared that the country must not return to a “past of darkness,” and he vowed to end the violence and the corruption. Yet, even if he was well intentioned, he was too weak to control the parallel state. A former U.N. official recalled asking Colom why he had given a ministry post to someone who was widely known to be corrupt. Colom replied, “He was not my choice.” Since Colom took power, two of his interior ministers have been indicted for corruption (a third died in a mysterious helicopter crash), and four consecutive heads of the national police have been dismissed, indicted, or jailed for alleged malfeasance. At the same time, Colom has been subject to a campaña negra—“black campaign”—conducted by many in the conservative oligarchy and in the political opposition. One day, President Colom and the First Lady discovered that the palace and their offices had been infiltrated with spy cameras.
科罗姆宣称,危地马拉决不能重返“昔日的黑暗”,他发誓要终结暴力与腐败。然而,尽管他怀有良好愿望,但由于实力太弱,他无法驾驭“另一个并行的国度”。据一位前联合国官员回忆,他曾问科罗姆为什么将部长职位授予一个众所周知的腐败者。科罗姆答道,“他并非我的选择。”自科罗姆上台以来,两位内政部长被起诉贪污(第三名则死于一次神秘的直升机失事),而国家警察部队连续四任司令因涉嫌渎职,或遭解职,或被起诉,或陷囹圄。与此同时,科罗姆已处于“黑色运动”的控制之下,指挥该运动的多是保守派寡头与政治反对派。一天,科罗姆总统与第一夫人发现,国宫和他们的办公室已被渗入,都安上了间谍相机。
Earlier that Monday, Rosenberg’s funeral had been held, at the same cemetery where Marjorie was buried. Colom was in a meeting when he was interrupted by Gustavo Alejos, his private secretary. Alejos had received a call from a friend alerting him that something surreal had just happened at the funeral—something with implications for the entire government. Alejos called his cousin, a government minister who had been one of Rosenberg’s closest friends. The cousin, who had attended the ceremony, reported that Eduardo Rosenberg had given a eulogy and played a recording of “El Salvador Blues,” by Santana. Then Luis Mendizábal had stood up and addressed the hundreds of mourners: “Everybody here loved Rodrigo Rosenberg, and all of you are wondering why someone like Rodrigo, who couldn’t hurt anyone, was killed.” He paused, then said, “Well, Rodrigo left me with the answer.” He explained that Rosenberg had given him a video, with instructions to release it only if he was murdered. Mendizábal offered a CD to anyone who was interested.
周一早些时候,举行了罗森博格的葬礼,就在马约莉下葬的同一块墓地。科罗姆正在开会,这时他的私人秘书古斯塔沃·阿莱霍斯进来打断了会议。阿莱霍斯刚接到一位好友的电话,通知他说葬礼上发生了件离奇的事情,一件将整个政府牵连其中的事情。阿莱霍斯致电他的表亲,身为政府部长,这位表亲也是罗森博格的密友之一。该表亲出席了葬礼仪式,他汇报说,爱德华多·罗森博格致了悼词,并播放了桑塔纳的唱片《萨尔瓦多布鲁斯》。然后,蒙迪扎巴尔起立向数百名悼念者发表讲话:“这儿的每个人都深爱着罗德里戈·罗森博格,你们都想知道,为什么像罗德里戈这样手无寸铁的人竟遭杀害。”他顿了顿,继续说道,“是的,罗德里戈留给了我答案。”他解释说,罗森博格给过他一段录像,只有在其被害时才予以公布。蒙迪扎巴尔发给每位感兴趣者一张CD。
Mendizábal, who says he looked at the video only after Rosenberg’s death, knew that his actions would unleash “big trouble,” as he put it. But the previous day, as rain fell, he had visited the site where Rosenberg was shot. “I started thinking, What am I going to do? Keep silent?” Mendizábal recalled. While praying, he had seen on the ground a discarded metal plate inscribed with the word “ON.” “I realized then what I was supposed to do,” he said.
蒙迪扎巴尔说他只是在罗森博格死后才看了这段录像,用他的话说,他清楚自己的行为将打开“潘多拉的盒子”。但前一天,他冒雨查看了罗森博格遇害的地点。“我开始思考。我该做些什么?缄口不言么?”蒙迪扎巴尔回忆道。祈祷之时,他发现丢弃在地上的一块金属片刻着“ON”[译注:ON在此处暗示是要揭开秘密]的字眼。“我明白下一步该怎么做了,”他说。
Alejos’s cousin had taken one of Mendizábal’s CDs, and Alejos told him to come straight to the President’s office. By then, members of Colom’s inner circle had heard about the video, and they, too, rushed to the President’s office. Vice-President José Rafael Espada, who was a former cardiothoracic surgeon, also joined them. The cousin arrived, and the group gathered around Colom’s computer to watch the video.
阿莱霍斯的表亲也拿了一张蒙迪扎巴尔的CD,阿莱霍斯要他直接赶来总统办公室。此时,科罗姆政府的核心成员都听说了这段录像,他们也匆匆赶往总统办公室。副总统何塞·拉斐尔·埃斯帕达(José Rafael Espada)以前是一名胸外科医生,同样赶过来了。那位表亲一到,这群人就围拢在科罗姆的电脑前,一起观看这段录像。
Suddenly, Rodrigo Rosenberg was staring at them, sitting alone, with a microphone, in front of a spare table. He was dressed in a navy-blue suit, a starched white shirt, and a pale-blue tie—the kind of muted, formal ensemble that he had worn ever since his father had deserted the family, leaving him the head of the household. On his wedding finger was the ring that Marjorie had ordered for him.
突然,罗德里戈·罗森博格直视着他们,他独坐着,手拿麦克风,身后是一张空台子。他穿着天蓝色套装,笔挺的白衬衫,外加一条淡蓝色领带,自从他父亲抛弃家庭,他成为一家之主以后,就经常穿着这样的一套淡色正装。在他的婚礼手指上戴着的正是马约莉为他订购的戒指。
“Good afternoon,” Rosenberg said. “My name is Rodrigo Rosenberg Marzano and, alas, if you are hearing or seeing this message it means that I’ve been murdered by President Álvaro Colom, with the help of Gustavo Alejos.” Rosenberg went on, “The reason I’m dead, and you’re therefore watching this message, is only and exclusively because during my final moments I was the lawyer to Mr. Khalil Musa and his daughter Marjorie Musa, who, in cowardly fashion, were assassinated by President Álvaro Colom, with the consent of his wife, Sandra de Colom, and with the help of . . . Gustavo Alejos.”
“下午好,”罗森博格说道。“我的名字是罗德里戈·罗森博格·马扎诺,哎呀!如果你听到或看到此条消息,那表示我已经被谋杀了,是科罗姆总统在古斯塔沃·阿莱霍斯协助下干的。”罗森博格继续说,“我死了,而你能看到这条消息绝无仅有的原因便是:在我生命的最后阶段,我是卡里尔·穆萨及其女儿马约莉·穆萨的律师,而科罗姆总统在他妻子桑德拉·科罗姆的授意下,在古斯塔沃·阿莱霍斯的协助下以卑劣的手段暗杀了他们。”
Rosenberg said that he had “direct knowledge” of a conspiracy. He alleged that the President, the First Lady, members of the Colom Administration, and their business cronies were using Banrural to embezzle and launder money. (In a document summarizing his charges, which he had given to Mendizábal along with the recording, Rosenberg wrote, “Musa did not suspect that illegal, million-dollar business transactions were taking place daily in Banrural. These transactions range from money laundering to the channelling of public funds to nonexistent programs belonging to the President’s wife, Sandra de Colom, as well as the funding of shell companies used by drug traffickers.”) Because Musa would not have tolerated such corruption, Rosenberg said, he became a threat when he was nominated to Banrural’s board. At that point, Rosenberg said, the President, the First Lady, Alejos, and others conspired to kill him.
罗森博格说,他掌握了这场阴谋的“直接证据”。他宣称,总统、第一夫人、科罗姆政府成员及他们的生意伙伴利用农村银行侵吞公款并洗钱。(他将一份总结其指控的文档与录像一同交给了蒙迪扎巴尔,在这份文档中,罗森博格写道,“穆萨并未怀疑每天在农村银行发生的上百万美元的非法业务往来。这些交易囊括了从洗钱到转移公共基金至总统夫人名下子虚乌有的计划等,还为毒枭使用的空壳公司提供资金。”)由于穆萨不会容忍此类腐败,罗森博格说,因而被提名为农村银行董事的他便成了一大威胁。于是,罗森博格说,总统、第一夫人、阿莱霍斯及其他人共谋要置之于死地。
Initially, Rosenberg spoke slowly and stiffly, but then his hands began to rise and fall, along with his eyebrows, the power of his voice growing—a voice from the grave. “I don’t have a hero complex,” he said. “I don’t have any desire to die. I have four divine children, the best brother life could have given me, marvellous friends.” He continued, “The last thing I wanted was to deliver this message. . . . But I hope my death helps get the country started down a new path.” He urged Vice-President Espada—whom he described as “not a thief or an assassin”—to assume the Presidency and insure that the guilty parties wound up in jail. “This is not about seeking revenge, which only makes us like them,” Rosenberg said. “It is about justice.” He predicted that the Guatemalan government would try to cover up the truth, by smearing the Musas and inventing plots. “But the only reality that counts is this: if you saw and heard this message, it is because I was killed by Álvaro Colom and Sandra de Colom, with the help of Gustavo Alejos.” He concluded, “Guatemalans, the time has come. Please—it is time. Good afternoon.”
起初,罗森博格话语缓慢,略显僵硬,不过随即他的手就开始一起一落,眉也一蹙一扬,声音的力度加强了——这是来自坟墓的声音。“我没有英雄情结,”他说。“我不想死。老天赐我四个小孩,给了我最好的兄弟情谊,还有了不起的朋友们。”他接着说,“我想做的最后一件事情便是传递这条消息……但我希望我的死能帮助这个国家获得新生。”他力劝副总统埃斯帕达——他将其形容为“既非国蠹,亦非凶手”——担任总统并确保将这个罪恶团伙绳之以法。“这不是什么图谋报复,那只会让我跟他们一样,”罗森博格说。“这关乎司法公正。”他预计危地马拉政府会试图通过诽谤穆萨父女和捏造故事情节来掩盖真相。“但唯一可以相信的事实是:如果你看到或听到这一消息,即是古斯塔沃·阿莱霍斯帮助阿尔瓦罗·科罗姆和桑德拉·科罗姆杀害了我。”他总结道,“危地马拉的兄弟姐妹们,这一时刻已经到了。拜托——到时候了。午安。”
The video, which lasted about eighteen minutes, appeared to have been made cheaply. A blue sheet had been hung behind Rosenberg, to deflect glare, and there was a dull hum in the background, perhaps from cars on a nearby street. As with a hostage video, the eerie, amateurish quality of the production lent authenticity to Rosenberg’s claim: he had been rubbed out.
这段录像长约18分钟,看上去是那种廉价制作。一块蓝色薄板挂在罗森博格身后用来偏转强光,背景里能听到隐约的嘈杂声,也许是附近街道上汽车的声音。类似于人质录像,阴森恐怖的业余制作水准让罗森博格的声明更具真实感:他是被谋杀了。
When the video ended, President Colom and his staff were unable to speak. One aide later told me that he felt as if they had been transported into another world—a world of movie thrillers. Finally, Colom muttered that his enemies were trying to destroy his Presidency. “They want us out of here,” he said.
看完这段录像,科罗姆总统及其幕僚目瞪口呆。总统的一位助手后来告诉我,他感觉自己被传送到了另一个世界——惊悚片的世界。最后,科罗姆喃喃自语道,他的敌人想要毁了他的总统位子。“他们想将我从这儿赶出去,”他说。
No one in the room asked the President or Alejos if the allegations were true. An official who is close to Colom told me he could not believe that the President had been involved in ordering a murder. But, given the history of Guatemala, the official said, it was possible that others in the Administration had done so: “You never know.”
屋子里没人质问总统或阿莱霍斯这些指控是否属实。一位与科罗姆关系密切的官员告诉我,他不相信总统会是谋杀的幕后主使。但是,虑及危地马拉的历史,这位官员说,有可能是政府里的其他人做了这样的事情:“你永远也无从知晓。”
The room was filled with unacknowledged tensions and questions: Why had Rosenberg called for Vice-President Espada to take the reins of the country? Was Espada involved with Rosenberg, trying to orchestrate a new kind of coup? President Colom told me that the video “put the Vice-President in a compromising position.” The palace was at war with itself.
房间里充满了莫名的紧张气氛和不解疑团:为什么罗森博格会呼吁副总统埃斯帕达接手统治?莫非埃斯帕达与罗森博格有瓜葛,试图精心安排一场新的政变?科罗姆总统对我说,这段录像“让副总统如坐火山口。”国宫内都硝烟弥漫了。
According to a member of the government, Alejos acted as if he were “going to be arrested.” He called his wife and told her that she and their son had to leave the country. He then offered his resignation to the President, but Colom told him, “We’ll get through this.”
据一名政府成员透露,阿莱霍斯的举动,好似他“即将被捕”一样。他打电话给妻子,要她和儿子必须离开这个国家。然后他向总统提交了辞呈,不过科罗姆告诉他,“我们会度过难关。”
The video was almost instantly uploaded to YouTube, and it was broadcast on national television. The Presidential spokesman’s cell phone began ringing: reporters were demanding a response from Colom. “Honestly, for a few hours, we didn’t know what to say,” the spokesman told me. The President, Alejos, and the aides frantically tried to come up with a statement. Finally, they hashed out a few words. The President didn’t think that he should deliver them himself—better to maintain a dignified distance. And so two aides went out and stood before a pack of reporters, categorically rejecting the accusations.
录像几乎瞬间就上传到了YouTube,并在国家电视台播出。总统发言人的手机开始响个不停:记者要求科罗姆作出回应。“坦白地说,那几个小时内,我们不知道该说些什么,”这位发言人对我如是说。总统、阿莱霍斯及助手们绞尽脑汁想要拿出一份声明来,但讨论来讨论去,最后只有几句话。总统不愿亲自发表声明,认为保持有尊严的距离会更好些。于是,两位助手站到了一大帮记者面前,断然否认了所有指控。
The brief statement only fuelled the uproar: Why wasn’t the President himself responding? Why was he in hiding? In a panic, Colom’s chief of staff called Roberto Izurieta, a political consultant in Washington, D.C. Izurieta taught crisis management at George Washington University, but he was better known as the James Carville of Latin America—a strategist who had helped elect Presidents across the region, including Colom. Izurieta based much of his tactical thinking on Sun Tzu’s “Art of War.”
这份简短声明只能是火上浇油:为何总统自己不出来回应?为何他还在遮遮掩掩?惊慌之中,科罗姆的秘书长连忙致电罗伯托·伊苏列塔(Roberto Izurieta),他是华盛顿的一名政治顾问,在乔治华盛顿大学教授危机管理,不过他更为人所知的名头是“拉丁美洲的詹姆斯·卡维尔(James Carville)”,【译注:卡维尔是美国前总统克林顿的竞选谋士,为总统当选立下汗马功劳。】这位谋略家曾为该地区各国总统选举提供过支持,包括科罗姆在内。伊苏列塔的战术思维主要以《孙子兵法》为蓝本。
The chief of staff e-mailed Izurieta a link to the video. Izurieta later wrote, in an unpublished report, “After more than twenty years in politics, I can’t recall anything that made such a powerful impression on me.” He called back Colom’s chief of staff and said, “I’m catching the next flight to Guatemala.”
秘书长电邮给伊苏列塔一个录像链接。伊苏列塔后来在一份未发表的报告里写道,“我在政坛驰骋二十多年,还从来没见过让我如此震撼的事件。”他回电科罗姆的秘书长,“我会坐下一趟航班赶到危地马拉。”
Early the next morning, several reporters discovered Guatemala’s Attorney General—who was supposed to be heading up an impartial investigation into Rosenberg’s assassination—slipping out of a meeting with Colom. A former Presidential candidate said on the radio, “What justice is there going to be if the Attorney General meets together in the private office of the President?”
第二天一早,一些记者发现,危地马拉的检察长(他本应牵头对罗森博格暗杀事件进行公正调查)与科罗姆一同悄悄溜出了会场。一位前总统候选人在广播里疾呼,“若是检察长与总统在私人办公室里密会,那还有什么公正可言?”
Meanwhile, the Rosenberg video was entering the public consciousness, multiplying and regenerating like a spirochete. Within days, hundreds of thousands of people had watched it online—so many that servers crashed. A political analyst remarked that Rosenberg’s testimony was being translated into more languages than the works of Guatemala’s most famous poets and novelists. The video, known by the simple tag YouTube Murder, created what one of the country’s largest newspapers called “the greatest political crisis” in the history of Guatemalan democracy.
与此同时,罗森博格的录像进入了公众视野,并像螺旋体一般繁殖传播。几天之内,数十万人在线观看了它,流量之大,弄得服务器都瘫了。一位政治分析家评论,罗森博格的证词被翻译成的语言种数,甚至超过了危地马拉最著名诗人和小说家的作品。这段录像以“YouTube谋杀”的简单标签而走红,危地马拉最大报纸之一称其制造了该国民主史上“最重大的政治危机”。
By Tuesday morning, protesters were streaming into Guatemala City’s Central Plaza, dressed in white, a symbol of political purity, and screaming outside the National Palace, “Asesino! Asesino!”
周二上午,抗议人群汇集到了危地马拉城的中心广场,他们身着白衣,这代表政治的纯洁,他们在国宫外放声呐喊,“凶手!凶手!”
Izurieta, the consultant, arrived at the airport that afternoon and headed to the palace. As he approached, he could see the swarm of white-clad protesters in the plaza—the tsunami blanco, as the press dubbed it. Izurieta told his driver to stop the car, and got out. “I wanted to feel the protests, to see the people’s faces, to get the sense of the intensity,” he recalled. He knew that there was a moment when a political crisis became unmanageable; at that point, he, too, would be merely a spectator to history.
是日下午,顾问伊苏列塔抵达机场,直趋国宫而去。他快到时,看到广场上云集着白衣抗议者,用媒体的话说,就是一片白色的海洋。伊苏列塔要司机停车,他下了车。“我想接触下这些抗议者,看看他们的脸,体味一番激荡的情感,”他回忆道。他知道,有时候政治危机会变得无法控制;到那时,他也只能沦为历史的看客。
In the palace, Izurieta set up a war room in the President’s office. Sun Tzu warns that, to prevail, one has to “know thy self,” and if Izurieta was going to help the President he had to learn all the palace secrets. Late in the day, he found Colom secluded in a room with Guatemala’s Archbishop, murmuring words that Izurieta could not make out, as if he were in confession. No one dared to disturb the President, but Izurieta finally had to interrupt: Colom was scheduled to give a live interview on CNN.
国宫内,伊苏列塔在总统办公室里特辟了一个作战室。孙子告诫道,要战而胜之,就要“知己”,如果伊苏列塔要帮助总统,那他必须知道所有宫内的秘密。当天稍晚,他发现科罗姆与危地马拉大主教蛰居一室,咕哝着些伊苏列塔不知所以的话,好像他是在告解。没人敢去惊扰总统,但伊苏列塔最后不得不出面打断,因为科罗姆预定了要接受CNN的直播采访。
Colom spoke by satellite from the old executive office in the palace. He wore a blue suit and tie, and sat in a large wooden chair, staring directly into the camera—a pose that, to Izurieta’s dismay, mirrored Rosenberg delivering his posthumous J’accuse. The President claimed that the video was part of a “plot to destabilize the government.” Blinking nervously, he looked pale and scared. An aide conceded to me, “Everyone thought he was lying.” Not long afterward, the director of El Periódico wrote, “I can’t help but express the repugnance I felt during the declarations of President Álvaro Colom. . . . The only thing missing now is for the President and his henchmen to say that it was Rodrigo himself who immolated himself, kamikaze style, in order to discredit the government and that he himself paid the assassins to murder him.”
科罗姆在国宫的行政办公室通过卫星讲话。他身着蓝色套装,系一根蓝色领带,坐在大大的木椅上,直盯着摄像机——这姿势让伊苏列塔惊愕不已,这不活脱脱是罗森博格发表死后控诉的翻版么。总统称这段录像是“颠覆政府阴谋”的一部分。他局促地眨着眼睛,脸容苍白,面露惧色。一位助手向我坦承,“人人都以为他在撒谎。”其后不久,《El Periódico》主管写道,“科罗姆总统发表声明时,我抑制不住自己的厌恶之情……总统及其亲信现在唯一没挑明的是:罗德里戈系自我牺牲,像日本神风特攻队一样发起了自杀性攻击,目的是向政府泼污水,是他自己买凶杀死了自己。”
The President’s chief political rival, the former general Otto Pérez Molina, demanded that Colom step down. But the President insisted that he would forsake his position only if “they kill me.” In an interview on Al Jazeera, Colom warned Guatemalans to “be careful of crossing the line,” and added, “Accusing a President of murder publicly could be sedition.”
总统的主要政治对手、前任将军莫利纳要求科罗姆下台。但总统坚持说,除非“他们杀了我”,否则他不会放弃这个位置。在卡塔尔半岛电视台的采访中,科罗姆警告危地马拉人“小心别越界,”又补充说,“公开指控总统谋杀就是煽动叛乱。”
A young Guatemalan, furious with the government, sent out a message on Twitter that said, “The first concrete action should be to take cash out of Banrural and bankrupt the bank of the corrupt.” Soon afterward, authorities, fearing a run on the bank, stormed his apartment and detained him. Twitter provided a stream of data from a new democratic class of informants and orejas, creating a narrative of unpunctuated fragments from sources known and unknown, verified and unverified. There was chatter that Mendizábal feared for his life, and that the Musas’ house had been broken into.
一名危地马拉青年对政府大发雷霆,在Twitter上发出的一条消息里他这么写道,“头件事情应该是将存在农村银行的现金取出来,让这家腐败的银行破产。”没多久,当局担心银行遭挤兑,突袭了他的住处并将其拘留。Twitter提供了一系列来自新的民主派线人和“耳朵”的信息,这些已知与未知、已证实与未证实的片段串起来,就是一篇不加标点的故事。有人说蒙迪扎巴尔害怕会送命,有人说穆萨家曾被破门而入。
Each day, the demonstrations grew, mobilized by messages on Facebook and Twitter. The place where Rosenberg was killed became a shrine, with a large wooden cross and signs reading “You didn’t die in vain!” Protesters erected a movie screen and broadcast Rosenberg’s final testimony, so that his body and voice floated over the crowd. The video looped over and over, in an eternal present tense. A columnist said that Rosenberg had become “the voice of millions of Guatemalans.”
示威活动与日俱增,大家都被Facebook和Twitter上的消息鼓动起来了。罗森博格被害的地方成了圣地,一个大大的木十字架竖在那儿,上书“你不会白白死去!”抗议者立起一块电影屏,用来播放罗森博格的最后证词,这样他的音容笑貌就在人群上空浮现。录像反复播个不停,这是永久的现在时。一位专栏作家说,罗森博格已然变身“数百万危地马拉人的代言者。”
In the war room, Izurieta told President Colom, “We don’t have much time.” Aides bused in Colom supporters to the Central Plaza and filmed them, distributing the footage to television stations. (It was “pure propaganda,” the spokesman said.) But Colom wasn’t just losing a media battle; the government was on the verge of collapse.
在作战室,伊苏列塔对科罗姆总统说,“我们时间所剩不多。”助手们将科罗姆的支持者用公车拉到中心广场,并对他们进行了拍摄,然后把这些胶片分发给电视台。(发言人表示,这是“纯宣传活动。”)但科罗姆不仅在媒体战争中败下阵来;政府也摇摇欲坠。
The U.S. Ambassador, Stephen McFarland, paid an urgent visit to the palace. During the Cold War, America had frequently supported Guatemala’s brutal security apparatus. In the nineteen-fifties, the C.I.A. had contemplated an assassination campaign against left-wing Guatemalan targets and disseminated a treatise on the art of political murder: “The subject may be stunned or drugged and then placed in the car, but this is only reliable when the car can be run off a high cliff or into deep water without observation.” In 1999, President Bill Clinton, speaking of such policies, said that the U.S. “must not repeat that mistake.”
美国大使斯蒂芬·麦克法兰德(Stephen McFarland)紧急造访国宫。冷战期间,美国屡屡支援危地马拉残暴的安全机构。1950年代,CIA曾对危地马拉左翼目标策划一场暗杀活动,还抛出了有关政治谋杀术的论述:“将目标打昏或麻醉,然后放到汽车里,不过,只有让汽车跌落高崖或坠入深水且无人发现,才是可靠的方法。”1999年,克林顿总统谈及此类手段,称美国“一定不会再犯那种错误。”
McFarland stressed to President Colom that there was only one way out of the crisis: to turn over the investigation of the Rosenberg case to a U.N.-backed organization called the International Commission Against Impunity in Guatemala, or CICIG. Created in the fall of 2007, CICIG is a pathbreaking political experiment. Unlike many truth commissions or human-rights bodies, it does not investigate war crimes of the past, or merely monitor abuses. Rather, it aggressively fights against systemic violence and corruption, acting like blasts of radiation on a cancerous organism. Composed of several dozen judges, prosecutors, and law-enforcement officers from around the world, CICIG works within Guatemala’s legal system to prosecute members of organized crime and dismantle clandestine networks embedded in the state. Rosenberg’s brother, Eduardo Rodas, told the press that CICIG was “our only hope for achieving justice.”
麦克法兰德为科罗姆总统点出了眼下摆脱危机的唯一途径:将罗森博格案子的调查权转交联合国支持的组织——危地马拉的“国际打击有罪不罚委员会”(简称CICIG)。该组织成立于2007年秋,是一次开拓性的政治试验。与许多真相委员会或人权团体不一样,它并不调查过去的战争罪行,也不是仅仅监督司法滥用,而是与系统性暴力和腐败作积极的斗争,其行为如同是对癌症组织施以放射疗法。CICIG由来自全世界的几十位法官、检察官和执法官组成,在危地马拉的法律框架内工作,可以起诉犯罪组织成员,并拆毁隐藏政府内部的秘密网络。罗森博格的兄弟爱德华多·罗达斯(Eduardo Rodas)对媒体表示,CICIG是“我们获得公正的唯一希望。”
On May 12th, two days after Rosenberg was murdered, President Colom agreed to refer the case to CICIG. Not only did the fate of the Rosenberg case and the Colom Presidency depend on this international team of investigators, which was led by a former Spanish prosecutor and judge named Carlos Castresana; so did the fate of Guatemala’s democracy. As The Economist put it, “Whether or not Mr. Rosenberg’s killers are brought to justice will show whether or not Guatemala is indeed a failed state.”
5月12日,罗森博格被杀两天之后,科罗姆总统同意将案件提交CICIG。该组织负责人是在西班牙曾担任检察官和法官的卡洛斯·卡斯特雷萨纳(Carlos Castresana)。不仅罗森博格案子的结果和科罗姆的总统位置有赖于这个国际调查小组;危地马拉民主制度的命运亦是如此。正如《经济学人》所指出的,“杀害罗森博格的凶手能否绳之以法,将显示危地马拉究竟是不是个失败的国家。” 在危地马拉,卡斯特雷萨纳法官感觉自己就像个囚徒。5月12日,该国山雨欲来风满楼时,这位51岁的调查员还被孤立在CICIG总部内,这是首都一处用围墙隔离的别墅,曾充作美国海军陆战队的总部。基于安全考虑,不许卡斯特雷萨纳单独外出购买惯抽的香烟,也不许他探访邻近那些街道,它们的名字叫人难以忘怀——炼狱街、悲伤街、遗忘街。他随装甲车队出行,身边跟着的是由国外招来的保镖,这样可以减少卧底的可能。卡斯特雷萨纳首抵危地马拉领导CICIG时,他把妻子和两个年幼的小孩都留在了老家,自己在市中心租了一套公寓,但他的安保主管,一位西班牙国民警卫队的老兵警告说,他已是暗杀的目标,因而他只好搬进了自己办公室楼上的一个房间。卡斯特雷萨纳有时感觉自己就像个“冒牌货”:这个他实施政治调查的地方,他几乎什么也看不到。他对我说,“我了无生趣。”
A bold and, at times, vainglorious man, Castresana treated boredom as if it were a contagion. In 1998, he was working as a special prosecutor against corruption in Madrid when, in a bout of restlessness, he drafted an indictment against General Augusto Pinochet, the Chilean strongman, for the murder of thousands of his countrymen, which, to the astonishment of the world, led to Pinochet’s arrest, in England. Though Pinochet was eventually released, it marked the first time in history that a onetime head of state had been detained on the principle of universal jurisdiction. In 2007, Castresana, after serving in a U.N. mission investigating the unsolved murders of hundreds of women in Ciudad Juárez, Mexico, came to Guatemala—like a “parachutist,” as he puts it. A letter to the editor in El Periódico said, “Welcome, Mr. Castresana, your presence in the country is proof that our institutions simply don’t work.”
卡斯特雷萨纳勇敢无畏,偶尔甚至有些自负,他视无聊乏味为一种传染病。1998年,在马德里担任反腐败特别检察官时,他不甘无所作为,针对智利政治强人奥古斯托·皮洛切特(Augusto Pinochet)将军起草了一份起诉书,控告他杀害了数千国人,令世界震惊的是,这使皮洛切特在英国锒铛入狱。虽说皮洛切特最终被释放,但这是历史上首次国家前元首依据普遍管辖权的原则而被拘押。2007年,他在一个联合国使团任职,该使团负责调查墨西哥华雷斯数百名女性被害悬案,之后他来到了危地马拉,用他自己的话说,是“空降到这儿的”。一封给《El Periódico》编辑的信这么写道,“欢迎到此,卡斯特雷萨纳先生,你在这个国家出现,证明了我们的政府机构完全失效。”
Castresana, who had the look of an aging student radical, with wavy brown hair and glasses with small round lenses, was not a typical diplomat. One of his friends, with a mixture of admiration and despair, describes him as a “loose cannon.” Castresana often compared the criminals he investigated to characters from literature, and he seemed to conceive of himself as an Arthurian knight swept up in one heroic battle after another. He spoke incessantly about a “code of honor,” and often clashed with his counterparts at the U.N. He told a former Guatemalan Foreign Minister, “I don’t plan to be another U.N. bureaucrat.”
外表看去,卡斯特雷萨纳像一位年长的激进学者,波浪形棕发,小圆镜片的眼镜,不见典型外交官的样子。他的一位朋友半是钦佩半是绝望地形容他为“我行我素者”。卡斯特雷萨纳常将自己所调查的罪犯与文学作品中的人物作比较,他似乎将自己想象为亚瑟王的骑士,在一场接一场的英勇战斗中横扫无敌。他口上总挂着“荣誉准则”,与联合国的同僚冲突频频。他对危地马拉前外交部长说,“我不想成为又一位联合国官僚。”
In 2008, in its first big case, CICIG charged a chief homicide prosecutor with obstructing justice and tampering with evidence. “We thought, as proud international investigators, we were very good at what we did,” Castresana recalled. “But, when you come to a country with such extended levels of corruption, it doesn’t matter if you have built a good case. So when we brought the case against the prosecutor it was a complete failure. He came triumphantly to the court and he was released.” Castresana realized that he could not bring criminals to justice before he had removed at least some of the most corrupt officials. As Castresana later told the press, “Guatemala’s institutions must be purged from the inside—they need an exorcism.”
2008年,CICIG迎来了第一件大案子,它指控一名首席凶案检察官妨碍司法公正并窜改证据。“我们以为,作为骄傲的国际调查员,我们对自己所从事的极为擅长,”卡斯特雷萨纳回忆道。“但是,当你置身一个腐败蔓延如此之广的国度,你立了一件好案子其实是无关痛痒的。结果我们对该名检察官的立案是一次彻头彻尾的失败。他大摇大摆地出庭,然后就被释放了。”卡斯特雷萨纳认识到,至少要先将一些最腐败的官员清除出去,他才能将罪犯绳之以法。正如卡斯特雷萨纳后来对媒体所言,“危地马拉的政府机构必须从内部进行清理——他们需要一场驱魔大法。”
Castresana seized upon a rule in CICIG’S charter that permitted the organization to petition local officials to punish unethical officials. Through this process, his team began to remove more than fifteen hundred corrupt police officers, including fifty police commissioners and the deputy director of the national police. CICIG also “invited” nearly a dozen prominent prosecutors to leave their posts, and had a magistrate in Guatemala City banished to the hinterlands. “My team told me not to—that I would put everyone in the judiciary against us,” Castresana recalled. “I said, ‘No, all the judiciary is already against us. If the judges know that they can say no to CICIG, then it is our death.’ ” In the summer of 2008, he even asked President Colom to fire his Attorney General, whom CICIG accused of impeding justice. Though Colom found Castresana “very demanding,” according to a U.S. diplomatic cable obtained by Wikileaks, he granted the request.
在CICIG的宪章里,卡斯特雷萨纳抓住了一条规则,这条规则允许该组织请求当地政府惩处道德沦丧的官员。借助这一程序,他的团队着手清除了1500多名腐败警官,包括50名警局长官和国家警察部队的副司令。CICIG还把十来个重要检察官“请”离了岗位,把一名危地马拉城的地方法官放逐到穷乡僻壤。“我的团队叫我别这么做——这会让所有司法人员都与我们对立。”卡斯特雷萨纳回忆道。“我说,‘不,所有司法人员已经在与我们作对。如果法官知道他们能对CICIG说不,那就是我们的死期了。’”2008年夏,他甚至请求科罗姆总统罢免总检察长,CICIG控告其妨碍司法公正。尽管科罗姆发现卡斯特雷萨纳“异常苛刻”(据一份维基泄密获得的美国外交电报称),他还是准予了这项请求。
Part prosecutor, part politician, part lobbyist, Castresana also pushed through Congress several laws strengthening the judicial system. They included establishing a viable witness-protection program, setting up a framework for legal wiretapping, and making it possible for prosecutors to arrange plea bargains for suspects who provide evidence against a criminal network.
卡斯特雷萨纳既当检察官,又当政治家,还当游说者,他促成国会出台了若干法律来加强司法体系建设。这包括建立可实施的证人保护程序,设立合法窃听的法律框架,以及允许检察官与提供反犯罪网络证据的嫌犯进行诉讼交易。
A former deputy minister told me that Castresana had become like General Douglas MacArthur in Japan, after the Second World War. A columnist later said that Castresana was treated as “the voice of God.” Nevertheless, CICIG had been fully operational for barely a year when Rosenberg was killed, and the case threatened some of the country’s most untouchable figures. A newspaper columnist observed, “The odds that the investigation will be successful . . . are slim to none. Like the Battle of Waterloo, where Napoleon was defeated, Castresana faces the prospect, in Guatemala, of the first great failure of his international career.”
一位前任副部长对我说,卡斯特雷萨纳如同二战后居于日本的麦克阿瑟将军。一位专栏作家后来说,卡斯特雷萨纳被看作“上帝之声”。不管怎样,罗森博格被害时,CICIG完全运转仅有一年,而这件案子威胁到该国一些最不可触动的人物。一位报纸专栏作家评论道,“调查成功的几率……微乎其微。犹如拿破仑铩羽而归的滑铁卢之战,卡斯特雷萨纳在危地马拉很可能会遭遇他国际事业上第一次惨重失败。”
Castresana told a reporter that the Rosenberg case was “like a John Grisham novel, but it’s real.” Before formally launching an investigation, he went to visit President Colom. With his security detail, Castresana passed by the protesters in the Central Plaza, and slipped through a side entrance into the palace. Despite its grandeur, the building had a ghostly quality, with its dark, musty rooms, creaking doors, and gossamer curtains that fluttered aimlessly. Castresana found Colom in his office, his bony wrists and neck poking out of his suit.
卡斯特雷萨纳对一名记者说,罗森博格案像“一本约翰·格里沙姆(John Grisham)的小说,但这是真实的。”在正式开展调查之前,他前去拜访了科罗姆总统。在保镖簇拥下,卡斯特雷萨纳穿过中心广场的抗议人群,从国宫侧门悄然而入。这幢建筑除了富丽堂皇以外,还有如鬼域,黑暗陈腐的居室,嘎吱作响的房门,薄纱窗帘漫无方向地飘动。卡斯特雷萨纳在科罗姆办公室发现了他,只见他瘦削的手腕和脖子从衣服里伸了出来。
Castresana told the President, “To take the case, I need complete independence.” Colom, who spoke so softly that Castresana had to lean forward to hear him, promised not to interfere. But Castresana could not know if he was sincere or if the First Lady, Sandra de Colom, would abide by the President’s wishes. In the palace, the First Lady was nicknamed “the bulldozer,” for the way that she flattened aides and even the President. A leading human-rights official told the St. Petersburg Times that Sandra de Colom was considered “malignant and malevolent,” and “the head of a parallel power.” (To circumvent the Constitution, which bars the relatives of a President from succeeding him, the Coloms recently filed for divorce, in the hope that she can run in an election, in September.)
卡斯特雷萨纳对总统说,“接这件案子,我需要绝对的独立。”科罗姆说话很是轻柔,卡斯特雷萨纳不得不倾着身子来听,科罗姆承诺不会干预调查。但卡斯特雷萨纳不知道这是不是真话,也不知道第一夫人桑德拉·科罗姆是否也会遵守总统的命令。在国宫内,第一夫人绰号“推土机”,这缘于他摆布助手乃至总统的方式。一位首席人权官员告知《圣彼得堡时报》,人们认为桑德拉·科罗姆是“邪恶而狠毒的”,而且是“另一并行国度的首脑”。(危地马拉宪法不许总统亲属继任总统,为了设法规避这项限制,科罗姆夫妇近期申请离婚,希望这样她能参加9月份的大选。)
That same day, Castresana met with Rosenberg’s son Eduardo. He looked like a younger, more dashing version of his father. He had graduated first in his class from law school, and since the killings he had become a partner at Rosenberg’s law firm, moving into his father’s old office. Castresana vowed to him, “I give you my word that, if we have to, we will bring down the President and impeach him.”
同一天,卡斯特雷萨纳会见了罗森博格的儿子爱德华多。他就是其父亲更年轻更具活力的翻版。他以班上头名从法律学校毕业,凶案发生后,他已经成为罗森博格法律事务所的合伙人,并搬进了他父亲原来的办公室。卡斯特雷萨纳向他发誓,“我答应你,若有必要,我们会扳倒总统,我们会弹劾他。”
Back at his office at CICIG, Castresana gathered a dozen or so of his top investigators. He suspected that there was at least one mole inside CICIG, and worried about leaks; his office was swept each morning and night for bugs, and he used a white-noise machine when discussing delicate matters. He told his agents, “This is the most important case of this commission.”
回到CICIG的办公室,卡斯特雷萨纳召集了手下十余名顶级调查员。他怀疑CICIG内部至少有一名间谍,也担心泄密;因而他办公室每天早上和晚上都会清查窃听器,在讨论敏感问题时还会使用白噪音机器。他对手下密探说,“这是我们委员会最重要的案子。”
A linguistic expert from the National Institute of Forensic Sciences, in Guatemala City, was asked to authenticate the Rosenberg video, analyzing every sound and slur. In a report, the expert said that she could not determine whether Rosenberg had made the video under external pressure (as President Colom had suggested). But the expert concluded that Rosenberg appeared “sincere” and “rational.”
他要求危地马拉城司法鉴定科学研究所的一位语言专家验证罗森博格录像的真伪,分析每一声音片段。在一份报告里,专家表示,她无法确定罗森博格是否在外界压力下录制了这段录像(像总统科罗姆暗示的那样)。但该专家下结论说,罗森博格的表现“既真实又合理”。
A team of CICIG agents scoured the Rosenberg crime scene for clues. Curiously, Rosenberg’s body had fallen backward, onto the curb, and his bicycle had fallen away from him, onto the road. Near the body, in the dirt beside the road, was a series of deep gashes; they appeared to have been made by the tires of a car.
一组CICIG密探仔细搜索了罗森博格的犯罪现场,找到了一些线索。令人不解的是,罗森博格的尸体是向后倒的,倒向路边,而他的自行车则倒向另一边,倒向路中。在尸体旁,路边的泥地上,有一串深深的裂缝,像是汽车轮胎所轧。
One day, while CICIG agents were canvassing the neighborhood, they detected an unmarked vehicle following their car; a passenger was taking photographs of them. Weeks later, agents were meeting with a potential witness, in the lobby of a hotel outside Guatemala City, when swarms of police officers suddenly descended, trying to seize the witness. Fearing that the witness might be tortured and “disappeared,” CICIG agents fled with him into one of the hotel’s rooms. As they prepared for a gun battle, a CICIG agent shouted to the police, “You will have to kill us all!” Meanwhile, Castresana phoned the head of the national police and Vice-President Espada, commanding them to order the police to back off. The police eventually withdrew, and CICIG was able to process the witness. After all that, the man had no reliable information—but somebody had clearly been terrified that he did.
一天,当CICIG密探详细调查周围社区时,他们发现有一辆没有标志的车子尾随他们的汽车;车上一名乘客正对他们拍照。几周之后,在危地马拉城一家宾馆的大厅里,密探正会见一位潜在证人,这时大批警察突然降临,试图逮捕这名证人。由于害怕证人遭到拷问乃至“失踪”,CICIG密探与他一同逃进宾馆一间房子里。他们准备进行一场枪战,一名CICIG密探向警察大喊,“除非你们把我们全杀了!”与此同时,卡斯特雷萨纳致电国家警察部队司令和副总统埃斯帕达,命令他们要警察退出。警察最终撤退了,CICIG才得以传唤这名证人。尽管这人并没有可靠情报,但有人显然对他的行为感到惧怕。
Castresana and his team, still lacking a key witness, confiscated all the relevant security tapes from buildings near the crime scene. Images caught on multiple cameras revealed that the moment Rosenberg left on his bicycle, at 8:05 A.M., a coffin-black sports car with tinted windows and a racing spoiler began shadowing him. The fact that the hit men were in position from the start of the bicycle ride—an activity that was not a regular part of Rosenberg’s Sunday routine—suggested that a person with inside knowledge had tipped them off. The vehicle’s license plate was not visible, but the car was a Mazda 6, and there were only fifty such models registered in Guatemala. And the one at the crime scene, digital enhancements revealed, had, in addition to the spoiler, distinctive red-rimmed tires and a sticker on the lid of the gas tank. After an intensive three-week search, investigators identified the car as belonging to a thirty-three-year-old man named Willian Gilberto Santos Divas, who lived outside Guatemala City. Records showed that, on the morning Rosenberg was killed, Santos’s cell phone was making and receiving a flurry of calls—all in the area of the shooting. “He was there,” Castresana said.
卡斯特雷萨纳与他的团队仍然缺少一名关键证人,他们从犯罪现场附近建筑里调用了所有相关的监控录像。多个摄像头捕捉的图像显示,罗森博格骑自行车出门的时间是上午8:05,一辆带棕色车窗和赛车尾翼的黑色跑车开始跟踪他。事实表明,杀手从罗森博格出发就已在待命了,而骑车这项活动并非罗森博格周日的常规行程,这意味着有知晓内情的人通风报信。汽车的牌照看不见,但车子是马自达6,危地马拉仅有50辆这种型号的车子注册在案。对数字图像进行增强后发现,现场的那一辆除了有尾翼之外,还有独特的红边轮胎和邮箱盖上的标签。经过三周细致彻底的排查,调查员证实这辆车属于33岁男子威廉·吉尔伯托·桑托斯·迪瓦斯(Willian Gilberto Santos Divas),他住在危地马拉城外。记录显示,罗森博格遇害那天早上,桑托斯的手机打出和接到了好些电话——所有电话都来自枪击地区。“他就在那儿,”卡斯特雷萨纳断定。
One other detail in Santos’s file caught Castresana’s attention. Santos was a former member of the national police force. Castresana was certain that CICIG had found the first sign of a conspiracy.
桑托斯档案里的其他细节也引起了卡斯特雷萨纳的注意。桑托斯以前是国家警察部队成员。卡斯特雷萨纳确信CICIG已经发现了一场阴谋的首个标志。
In President Colom’s war room, Roberto Izurieta, the strategist, believed that he, too, had found threads of what one member of the government called a “finely woven conspiracy.” Izurieta had always thought that Colom could not be behind the murders of the Musas and Rosenberg, and that the killings had to be part of a plot to bring down the government. The idea was outlandish only to the innocent. As Don DeLillo has written, “A conspiracy is everything that ordinary life is not. It’s the inside game, cold, sure, undistracted, forever closed off to us. We are the flawed ones, the innocents, trying to make some rough sense of the daily jostle. Conspirators have a logic and a daring beyond our reach. All conspiracies are the same taut story of men who find coherence in some criminal act.” Izurieta, who had lost ten pounds since the crisis began—and who had violated his ban on caffeine, which made him, by his own admission, “electric”—thought that the conspirators were finally being pulled from the shadows of Guatemalan politics.
在科罗姆总统的作战室,谋略家罗伯托·伊苏列塔也自认找到了一名政府成员称为“精心编织之阴谋”的线索。伊苏列塔始终认为科罗姆不可能是穆萨父女和罗森博格谋杀案的幕后元凶,而这些谋杀一定是推翻政府的阴谋之一。只是对不明就里的人而言,这一想法是偏狭的。正如唐·德里罗(Don DeLillo)所写,“阴谋包含了日常生活里没有的一切事情。阴谋是内部游戏,冷酷、稳健、不受干扰,永远拒我们于外。我们生而不足,生而无知,孜孜以求一些日常竞争的粗略常识。而阴谋者的逻辑和胆量都是我们所不及的。阴谋无一不是紧张刺激的故事,这些阴谋者从一些犯罪行为中找到了连贯性。”自危机爆发以来,伊苏列塔已经瘦了10磅,他违背了不用咖啡因的禁令,他自己承认,这让他“如电击一般”——相信最终会将阴谋者从危地马拉政坛黑幕下拖出来。
The investigators had found, for example, someone who had admitted shooting the video of Rosenberg’s testimony. His name was Mario David García. A squat man with a crisp mustache, he was an ultra-right-wing journalist and a former Presidential candidate who was thought to have participated in multiple plots against the state. In the late eighties, the government accused him of being part of a cabal, known as the Officers of the Mountain, which orchestrated two failed coups. García understood the power of images: he had been the producer of a television show that had fanned the cabal’s rebellion. Another figure accused of orchestrating the coups was none other than Luis Mendizábal. Both men denied being part of the plots.
比如,调查者发现有人承认拍摄了罗森博格证词录像。此人名叫马里奥·戴维·加西亚(Mario David Garcia),是个长着卷胡须的矮胖男子。他是一名极右翼记者,也是前总统候选人,他被认为参与了多项反政府密谋。1980年代末,政府指控他为阴谋集团“高山军官”的成员,该组织策划过两次失败的政变。加西亚深知图像的力量:他曾担任电视节目制作人,煽动过阴谋叛乱。被指控策划这些政变的另一人物不是别人,正是路易斯·蒙迪扎巴尔。两人均否认参与了密谋。
Izurieta wondered if it could be just a coincidence that García and Mendizábal—with their “impressive dossiers of conspiratorial services,” as one reporter put it—had been involved in the manufacturing and distribution of Rosenberg’s video. García was now the host of a political radio show, “Straight Talk,” and after Rosenberg’s death he repeatedly attacked the government, stoking the unrest. As for Mendizábal, Izurieta and other members of the government suspected that he had a vendetta against President Colom, who had hired him to be a security adviser in 2007, only to fire him. What’s more, according to CICIG Mendizábal had lost a bid for a lucrative government contract to produce national I.D. cards. Mendizábal denies having any such business interest, but Castresana told me that Mendizábal had a “motive for revenge.”
伊苏列塔想知道,加西亚与蒙迪扎巴尔卷入制造和分发罗森博格录像是否只是个巧合,如一名记者所言,他们“参与阴谋的记录可是令人印象深刻”。加西亚目前是政治广播节目《直话直说》的主持人,罗森博格死后,他反复攻击政府,激起民愤。关于蒙迪扎巴尔,伊苏列塔和政府其他成员都怀疑他与科罗姆总统有宿怨,总统曾于2007年雇他担任安全顾问,后又解雇了他。此外,据CICIG透露,政府有一个油水颇足的项目——制作国民身份证,而蒙迪扎巴尔未能中标。蒙迪扎巴尔否认对此项生意感兴趣,但卡斯特雷萨纳告诉我,蒙迪扎巴尔确有“报复的动机”。
Could García and Mendizábal have manipulated and then killed Rosenberg in order to unleash his video and topple the government? After all, Mendizábal was not only a specialist in gathering information; he was also a master in the art of disinformation. In the late nineties, he had been a member of a clandestine intelligence unit called La Oficinita—The Little Office. (It was named for the space above Mendizábal’s clothing boutique.) Mendizábal insisted to me that La Oficinita helped solve kidnappings and murders. But, according to human-rights observers, government officials, and the press, its purpose was to deceive the public—using fake evidence and theatrical witnesses in order to cover up the military’s crimes.
莫非为了公布录像和推翻政府,加西亚和蒙迪扎巴尔就操纵并杀害了罗森博格?毕竟,蒙迪扎巴尔不但是搜集情报的专家,也是伪造情报的大师。1990年末,他曾是秘密情报机关“小办公室”的成员。(“小办公室”得名于蒙迪扎巴尔服装店楼上的房间。)蒙迪扎巴尔对我坚称,小办公室只帮助解决绑架和谋杀。但是,据人权观察员、政府官员及媒体透露,该机关的目的是蒙蔽公众——捏造假证据和假证人,以求掩盖军方罪行。
Izurieta knew that intelligence operators had previously deployed disinformation to topple a democratically elected government in Guatemala. In 1954, C.I.A. operatives had teamed with the new “scientists” of advertising to overthrow President Jacobo Árbenz—Guatemala’s last left-wing leader until Colom—by creating the illusion of a domestic uprising. Operatives set up a radio station, the Voice of Liberation, which was supposedly broadcast from a rebel camp “deep in the jungle” but, in fact, was transmitted from Miami and often broadcast from the U.S. Embassy in Guatemala City. The station caused national hysteria by reporting fake news of the government poisoning the water supply and of phantom troops marching on the capital. One operative referred to the scheme as “the big lie.”
伊苏列塔知道,情报人员以前靠散布假情报推翻过一个危地马拉的民选政府。1954年,CIA特工与新型宣传“科学家”合作,通过制造国内起义的假象,推翻了总统贾科布·阿本兹(Jacobo Árbenz),阿本兹是科罗姆之前最后一位危地马拉左翼领导人。特工设立了一个广播电台“自由之声”,本以为该电台广播自“丛林深处”的叛军军营,但实际上是从迈阿密发射的,经常广播自危地马拉城内的美国大使。通过报道政府污染供水系统和“幽灵部队”开进首都之类的假新闻,该广播电台引爆了国民情绪。一名特工将这一阴谋称之为“弥天大谎”。
In May, 2009, Mendizábal and García, who were being pressed by the media, acknowledged their roles in producing the Rosenberg video. The Archdiocese’s Office of Human Rights, citing their histories, warned that there might be a sinister force at work. It noted that Rosenberg’s assassination had the hallmarks of “fictitious scenarios” from Guatemala’s past.
2009年5月,迫于媒体压力,蒙迪扎巴尔与加西亚承认了他们在制作罗森博格录像中所扮演的角色。总教区人权办公室援引自家历史告诫道,可能有一股邪恶势力在发挥作用,并指明,暗杀罗森博格带有危地马拉昔日“虚构情节”的印迹。
If there was a plot to topple the government, the next question was who was the main beneficiary—and hence the prime mover behind it. One person seemed to have the most to gain. It was Colom’s longtime political rival Otto Pérez Molina—the notorious former general and head of military intelligence who, after the video was distributed, had demanded that Colom resign. Pérez Molina, who appeared on García’s radio program to denounce Colom, had previously declared that he was running again for President.
如果真有一场密谋要推翻政府,那么下一个问题便是最大的受益者是谁,此人亦应是隐藏其后的发动者。有一人貌似获得的利益最多,那就是科罗姆长期的政治对手奥托·佩雷斯·莫利纳,他是臭名昭著的前任将军,军事情报部门头目,在录像公布之后,曾要求科罗姆下台。佩雷斯·莫利纳还现身加西亚的广播节目,对科罗姆加以谴责,之前又声称他会再度竞选总统。
Scattered dots seemed to form a picture, like a constellation in the sky. Then, less than a month after Rosenberg’s death, President Colom’s Minister of the Interior, who was a confidant of the First Lady, informed Castresana that he had found what amounted to a smoking gun—a witness who would reveal the entire conspiracy.
如天空中的星座一样,分散的各点看来可以串成一幅图画。随后,罗森博格被害还不到一个月,科罗姆总统的内政部长,也是第一夫人的心腹通知卡斯特雷萨纳,他已经找到了确凿证据——一名可以揭露整场阴谋的斯特雷萨纳派了一队调查员过去。按照内政部长的建议,调查员乘坐第一夫人的直升机抵达圣路易斯(一个靠近墨西哥边境的城镇)的一个足球场,那儿证人正等着他们。据证人供述摘要(他后来提交给了报纸《El Quetzalteco》),他称是一个叫“毕达哥拉斯”的街头黑帮被雇佣杀害了罗森博格,价格是18万美元。证人担心自己会送命,说他与黑帮的残忍头目关系很近。“我不想再杀人,”他说。然后他抛出了一个爆炸性消息——或者以他的话说,“这将爆炸,因为政治人士卷入其中。”
The witness said that the gang received the first installment of its fee from Roxana Baldetti, a member of Congress who is running as Otto Pérez Molina’s Vice-Presidential candidate. The witness said that he had saved text messages that he had exchanged with a member of Pérez Molina’s party, who had offered him a car and money to remain silent. Castresana, speaking of the witness, recalled, “With this testimony, we could have arrested the leader of the political opposition and put him in jail.”
证人说,该黑帮从罗克萨纳·巴尔德蒂(Roxana Baldetti)那儿收到了第一笔预付款,而巴尔德蒂是国会成员,正以莫利纳的副总统候选人身份参选。该证人说,他保存了与莫利纳党派一名成员往来的短信,其人曾给他一辆汽车和钱,要他保守秘密。卡斯特雷萨纳谈及这位证人,回忆道,“有了这些证词,我们就可以逮捕这位政治反对派领袖,并将他下狱。”
Castresana had asked President Colom’s Interior Minister to make sure that nobody from the media was at the stadium, fearing that the identities of CICIG agents might be exposed. (At one point, a clerk handling evidence in the Rosenberg case was gunned down in Guatemala City.) But a pack of reporters suddenly appeared, and the news soon broke around the country that Otto Pérez Molina and Roxana Baldetti were the alleged masterminds of Rosenberg’s murder. “PROOF DELIVERED,” the banner headline in one newspaper read.
卡斯特雷萨纳要求科罗姆总统的内政部长确保没有媒体人士在这个体育场,他担心CICIG密探的身份暴露。(一次,一名在罗森博格案中处理证据的职员就在危地马拉城被枪杀。)但是一群记者突然出现,这条新闻迅即传遍全国,说是莫利纳与巴尔德蒂被指控为罗森博格谋杀案的主谋。“证据交付”,一家报纸的头条标题这么写道。
But, when Castresana and members of CICIG tried to confirm elements of the witness’s story, they were stymied. They checked the security cameras in the hotel parking lot where the witness claimed that the payoff from Baldetti had taken place—nothing of the sort was on tape. Other evidence that the witness provided was fabricated. Even his name was an alias. The whole meeting was an elaborately staged act of misdirection. The witness later confessed, “I received a call from a member of the government saying, ‘I have a job for you,’ and he offered me money . . . to give false evidence.” The witness alleged that Colom’s spokesman and the First Lady were part of the scheme.
不过,当卡斯特雷萨纳与CICIG成员试图证实证人叙述的要素时,他们却陷入困境。他们检查了宾馆停车场的监控摄像头,证人称此处是接收巴尔德蒂付款的地方,但录像中根本就没有这样的场景。证人提供的另一证据也是伪造的。甚至他的名字都是假的。整个会面就是一场精心安排的误导破案的表演。证人后来供认,“我接到一名政府成员的电话,‘我有一项工作给你,’他给了我钱……要我做假证。”该证人称科罗姆的发言人和第一夫人参与了这一阴谋。
The government denied the allegations. But Castresana was furious. He believed that the government was also behind the unmarked cars following his agents and the attempt to seize the potential witness at the hotel. Perhaps members of the Colom Administration were trying to cover up their crimes. Or, perhaps, after so many years of judicial disarray, they thought that, if they were being framed, the only way out was to frame someone else.
政府否认了这些指控。但卡斯特雷萨纳愤怒不已。他相信政府也是那台尾随探员的无标志车的幕后主使,还是在宾馆抓捕潜在证人的幕后主使。也许科罗姆政府成员试图掩盖罪行。又或者,在多年司法混乱之后,他们认为,如果自己遭陷害,唯一的出路就是再嫁祸他人。
Castresana sent a formal complaint to the Colom Administration, and forwarded copies to the U.N. It was only then, Castresana told me, that the government stopped meddling.
卡斯特雷萨纳向科罗姆政府发去一封正式抗议信,并抄送给了联合国。直到那时,卡斯特雷萨纳对我说,政府才停止干涉。
“Botar un palo grande,” the voice said. “Knock over a big stick.”
“扔大棒,”那个声音说。“用大棒打。”
A Chilean agent of CICIG was sitting in a small, stuffy room, nearly three months after Rosenberg’s death, eavesdropping on Willian Santos, the owner of the black Mazda. The Rosenberg case marked the first time in the history of Guatemala that wiretapping was being conducted by a legal entity, rather than by secret military intelligence or some other unauthorized body.
罗森博格被害将近三个月之后,CICIG的一名智利籍密探正坐在一间小而密闭的房间里,窃听黑色马自达的车主威廉·桑托斯。罗森博格案在危地马拉历史上开了先河,执法部门首度可使用窃听工具,而不是秘密的军方情报部门或其他一些未授权组织使用。
For weeks, CICIG had been monitoring Santos’s conversations and tracking his movements. Castresana and his team had mapped out, with flowcharts and photographs, at least part of the criminal network to which Santos belonged. So far, investigators had identified ten members of the gang. Nearly all of them were current or former police officers; one was a veteran of the military. Their conversations confirmed that the men had become professional killers. The question was who had hired them to assassinate Rosenberg.
几星期以来,CICIG一直在窃听桑托斯的谈话,并追踪了他的活动。借助活动流程图与照片,卡斯特雷萨纳与其团队已经至少掌握了桑托斯所属犯罪网络的部分情况。迄今为止,调查员已确认了这伙黑帮中十名成员的身份。他们几乎全都是现任或前任警察;其中一人是军队老兵。根据他们的谈话可以确认这些人都已是职业杀手。问题在于是谁雇了他们来暗杀罗森博格。
CICIG agents had intercepted more than ten thousand of the gang’s fugitive conversations. But, even in an age of listening devices and satellite surveillance and Wayback Machines, much of history remains beyond confirmation, out of earshot, buried with the corpses. One of the leaders of the gang was recorded saying that he wanted to hear “zero comments” about the Rosenberg “job,” because there were extremely powerful people who didn’t want anyone “running off their mouths.”
CICIG探员截获了这伙人一万次以上的短暂对话。但是,即使是在拥有监听设备、卫星监控和网站时光倒流机的时代,许多历史仍然难以确定,打探不到,死无对证。对话记录里,一名黑帮头目说,关于罗森博格“任务”,他要求“绝口不提”,因为有权势熏天的人不想任何人“走漏风声”。
As the Chilean agent listened to Santos, she wondered what he had meant by “knock over a big stick.” The gang had developed its own coded language: “greens” meant money; “to lift” was to kidnap a person; and “shooting up a car” was an assassination. The more the Chilean agent listened to the conversation, the more she realized that to knock over a big stick was to kill someone important.
这名智利密探听到桑托斯的话时,她想弄明白他说的“用大棒打”是什么意思。这个黑帮有自己的黑话:“青菜”表示钱;“提”表示绑架人;而“射车”表示暗杀。智利密探对这次对话听得越多,她越加意识到“用大棒打”就是要杀某个重要人物。
Though Castresana was careful not to blow CICIG’s undercover operation, he interceded repeatedly to foil the gang’s plans. When he learned that the gang was about to rob a bank, he made sure that extra police were stationed out in front, and he tipped off a Korean businessman after discovering that the gang had plans to “lift” him. By September, the gang had begun to suspect it had a mole. As a hit man said on the wire, someone was “letting out the soup.” The leaders assumed that the culprit was the military veteran, since he didn’t come from their group of policemen.
虽然卡斯特雷萨纳小心翼翼不让CICIG的秘密行动暴露,他还是不断插手以挫败该黑帮的计划。当他获悉这伙人要抢银行时,就确保其他警力预先派驻加以防范,在发现这伙人计划“提”一名韩国商人时,他事先向该商人示警。到了9月,这伙人开始怀疑出了内奸。如一名杀手在电话中所说,有人“泄露了计划。”头目以为内奸是那个老兵,因为他不是警察出身。
On September 8th, CICIG picked up another conversation between two gang leaders. “We have a problem,” one of them said of the military veteran. “He’s going around talking about Rosenberg.” There was a long silence. “I’m not going to freak out but I want to cut that son of a bitch down already.” The man explained that he was just waiting for “the green light.”
9月8日,CICIG截获了黑帮两个头目之间的另一谈话。“我们有麻烦了,”其中一人提及了老兵。“他到处谈论罗森博格。”之后是长久的沉默。“这吓不了我,不过我想把那个狗娘养的斩草除根。”那人解释说他只是在等待“绿灯放行”。
Castresana felt that he could no longer wait. At dawn on September 11th, four months after Rosenberg was assassinated, three hundred CICIG agents, prosecutors, police, and soldiers swept into more than a dozen locations across Guatemala, apprehending the ten suspected hit men. By inspecting call logs from the suspects’ seized cell phones, CICIG identified an intermediary who had been in contact with the gang on the day of Rosenberg’s assassination. The intermediary, a man named Jesús Manuel Cardona Medina, was brought in for questioning. As Castresana knew, every secret is embedded with the possibility of betrayal, and after sustained interrogation Cardona Medina turned on his co-conspirators, coöperating with CICIG in exchange for a reduced sentence and placement in Guatemala’s witness-protection program. Two other gang members also flipped.
卡斯特雷萨纳感觉他不能再等待下去了。9月11日拂晓,罗森博格遭暗杀4个月之后,300名CICIG密探、检察官、警察和士兵扫荡了遍及危地马拉的十二个地点,逮捕了十名杀人嫌犯。通过检查所查获嫌犯手机的通话记录,CICIG确认了一名中间人的身份,他曾在罗森博格被暗杀那天与这伙人联络过。这名中间人是一个叫杰西·曼纽埃·卡多纳·梅迪纳(Jesús Manuel Cardona Medina)的男子,他被逮捕讯问。卡斯特雷萨纳知道,每个秘密都嵌入了背叛的可能,经受审问之后,卡多纳·梅迪纳供出了他的同谋,他愿意与CICIG合作以减免刑期,并置于危地马拉的证人保护程序之下。其他两名黑帮成员也交待了。
According to the hit men, the gang had been hired by Francisco and Estuardo Valdés Paiz, two brothers who owned one of Guatemala’s largest pharmaceutical companies. Surprisingly, the brothers were related to Rosenberg—they were cousins of his first wife. The Valdés Paiz brothers had contacted the gang and agreed to pay forty thousand dollars for the hit. The target was described to the hit men simply as an “extortionist,” and Cardona Medina was given a cell phone for communicating with a mysterious inside man, who provided minute details about what the extortionist looked like. The inside man also indicated the ideal place to shoot Rosenberg, which is why there were tire marks at the scene of the crime: the previous night, the hit men had marked the spot.
据杀手供认,雇佣这个黑帮的是弗朗西斯科(Francisco)和伊斯特多·瓦尔德斯·派兹(Estuardo Valdés Paiz)两兄弟,他们拥有危地马拉最大的制药公司之一。令人惊讶的是,两兄弟与罗森博格不无关系——他们是他发妻的表亲。瓦尔德斯·派兹兄弟与该黑帮联系,同意为杀人支付4万美元。给杀手描述的袭击目标只是一名“敲诈勒索者”,而卡多纳·梅迪纳的手机是别人给的,用来与一名神秘的中间人通信,该中间人提供了敲诈勒索者长相的详尽细节,还指明了射杀罗森博格的理想地点,这就是犯罪现场留有轮胎印的原因:前一个晚上,杀手先踩好了点。
A hidden design was finally emerging. But why would the Valdés Paiz brothers—who, by all accounts, loved Rosenberg—want him dead? What did their actions have to do with Rosenberg’s video and his allegations? And who was the inside man? Susanne Jonas, a scholar who spent years studying the country, once wrote, “Guatemala mocks me: ‘Just as you think you understand, we’ll show you that you understand nothing at all.’ ”
一个隐藏的计划终于浮出水面。但是,为何瓦尔德斯·派兹兄弟会要罗森博格死?众人皆说,他们喜欢他。他们的行为与罗森博格的录像及其指控有何关联?还有,谁是那名中间人?苏珊妮·乔纳斯(Susanne Jonas)是一位研究该国数年的学者,她写道,“危地马拉嘲弄着我:‘就在你以为什么都一清二楚时,我们会告诉你,你其实一无所知。’”
In addition to investigating the hit men, Castresana and his team reconstructed Rosenberg’s final months as best they could, trying to pinpoint who might want him dead. As CICIG agents were exploring the question of motive, the investigation took, as Castresana put it, a series of “stupefying turns.”
除了调查杀手之外,卡斯特雷萨纳与其团队还竭尽所能重构了罗森博格人生的最后几个月,尝试找出要他死的那个人。当CICIG密探在研究动机问题时,按卡斯特雷萨纳的话说,调查员取得了一系列“让人瞠目结舌的转折”。
Investigators had obtained from Mendizábal the telephone number from which Rosenberg had reported receiving threats. Phone records confirmed that Rosenberg had answered a series of calls from this number. The calls, which originated from a cell phone, began on May 5th and ended on May 10th, the day Rosenberg was killed. During that period, the calls were made almost every day and were usually relatively short—just enough time, it seemed, to convey a threat.
从蒙迪扎巴尔那儿,调查员获得了罗森博格报告接到威胁的电话号码。通话记录确认罗森博格接到了该号码的一系列电话。这些电话来自一部手机,起于5月5日,止于5月10日罗森博格被害那天。在此期间,电话几乎每天都打,通常很短,看去将将够传达一个威胁。
Records also indicated that this cell phone had communicated with only one other telephone—the one that Cardona Medina had reported receiving from the Valdés Paiz brothers. And so whoever had made the threats to Rosenberg appeared to be the same mysterious inside man who had given instructions to the killers. The inside man had communicated with Cardona Medina for the last time at 8 A.M. on May 10th—to alert the executioners that Rosenberg was on his way.
通话记录还显示,该手机仅与一部别的电话联系过,就是卡多纳·梅迪纳所报告的接受自瓦尔德斯·派兹兄弟的那部电话。因此,向罗森博格发出威胁的人看来就是那个给杀手发指令的神秘中间人。该中间人与卡多纳·梅迪纳最后通信时间是5月10日早上8点——通知刽子手,罗森博格上路了。
Castresana and his colleagues tried to trace the cell phone to its owner. It had been bought with cash, in order to insure anonymity. But a sales-tax form for the phone contained a faded signature—that of Rosenberg’s driver. Castresana believed that they had found the inside man.
卡斯特雷萨纳与其同事试着追踪这部手机的机主。手机是用现金购买的,这样可以保证匿名。但这部电话的营业税单上有一个褪色的签名——是罗森博格司机的。卡斯特雷萨纳相信他们已经找到了这名中间人。
Investigators brought the driver in for questioning. He did not deny that he had purchased the phone, but he swore that Rosenberg had instructed him to buy it, along with another cell phone. The driver said that he was told to pay in cash and not to identify himself in paperwork; he had accidently put his name on the sales-tax form.
调查员将司机带来审讯。他不否认购买了这部手机,但他发誓是罗森博格要他购买的,同时还买了另一部手机。司机说,罗森博格要他用现金付账,并在文书上不要透露自己的身份;他是不小心将名字留在了营业税单上的。
Castresana suspected that the driver was lying. But Rosenberg’s secretary at the law firm confirmed that on the day the driver bought the phones he had turned in a receipt for reimbursement. If he was a conspirator, it seemed inconceivable that he would have done so.
卡斯特雷萨纳怀疑司机在说谎。但罗森博格法律事务所的秘书确认那天司机买了手机,并提交了一张报账的收条。如果司机是同谋,那他这么做似乎不可思议。
The driver said that Rosenberg had kept one of the phones, and had instructed him to deliver the second one to Francisco Valdés Paiz. Records showed that this cell phone was the same one that Cardona Medina had received. Suddenly, the disparate lines of the investigation were converging toward one conclusion: Rosenberg had purchased the phones used by his own killers. CICIG investigators then made an even more startling discovery. Telecommunications experts determined that the purportedly threatening phone calls had all originated from one place: inside Rosenberg’s own apartment. Castresana thought, Rosenberg had been making threats to himself.
司机说,罗森博格保留了一部手机,并命他将另一部交给弗朗西斯科·瓦尔德斯·派兹,记录显示该手机正是卡多纳·梅迪纳收到的那部。突然之间,不同调查路径都汇聚成同一个结论:杀害罗森博格的杀手所使用的手机,正是罗森博格自己购买的。CICIG调查员随后有更为惊人的发现。通信专家确定,据称发出威胁的电话都出自同一个地方:罗森博格自家公寓内。卡斯特雷萨纳认为,是罗森博格向自己发出了威胁。
Any lingering doubts about who was behind the killing dissolved once Castresana and his team discovered that Rosenberg, just before his death, had issued a check for forty thousand dollars—the amount owed to the hit men—and had asked his secretary to deliver it to the Valdés Paiz brothers. Rosenberg had drawn the money from the Panamanian account of a client, in order to conceal his hand in the scheme. As inconceivable as it seemed, Castresana and his team were now certain that Rosenberg—not the President, not the First Lady, not Gustavo Alejos, or anyone else—was the author of his own assassination.
卡斯特雷萨纳及其团队发现,就在死前,罗森博格开出了四万美元的支票——正是给杀手的数额——并命他的秘书交给瓦尔德斯·派兹兄弟,由此,关于幕后主使的所有悬而未解的疑问便全都迎刃而解了。罗森博格从一位客户的巴拿马账户取了这笔钱,为的是掩盖他参与了策划。似乎难以置信,卡斯特雷萨纳及其团队现在确认罗森博格——不是总统,不是第一夫人,也不是古斯塔沃·阿莱霍斯或其他人——才是他自己谋杀案的幕后主使。
卡斯特雷萨纳相信,要是司机没签那张营业税单,罗森博格会成功实施“这一完美的犯罪”,他的秘密计划将永远湮没于历史长河。不过,感谢那个错误,CICIG解开了余下之谜。卡斯特雷萨纳及其密探确定,罗森博格在瓦尔德斯·派兹兄弟帮助下找到了一帮杀手。罗森博格对两兄弟只说了袭击目标是一个敲诈和威胁他的人。卡多纳·梅迪纳作证,他去收取暗杀酬劳的时候,弗朗西斯科·瓦尔德斯·派兹才得知真相,他忧心如焚,声嘶力竭地喊道,杀手刚杀的是他表亲。
Rosenberg had been careful in planting false clues that would confound investigators. Not only had he repeatedly called his own home number from the cell phone, creating the appearance of continuous threats; he had also called the hit men on the morning of his death, informing them that the target was leaving his house. This explained why a man purportedly threatened with death had ventured out alone, on a bicycle, in one of the most murderous cities in the world. It also explained why the inside man had known exactly where the target would be—the day before the shooting. And it explained why Rosenberg’s bicycle and his body were found in such peculiar positions at the crime scene: as the hit man who pulled the trigger confessed, Rosenberg had got off his bicycle at the designated spot and was sitting on the curb, waiting for his assassin, when the hit man shot him three times in the head, once in the neck, and once in the chest. Castresana says of Rosenberg, “He set himself off like a suicide bomber.”
罗森博格细致周密地布置了假线索来扰乱调查员。他不仅反复用那部手机拨打自家电话,制造威胁接二连三的假象;还在死的那天早上拨打了杀手的电话,通知他们目标正要离家。这就解释了为什么一个不断遭到死亡威胁的人还要冒险单独出行,骑着自行车在全球谋杀率最高的城市之一转悠。也解释了为什么中间人确切地知道枪击前一天目标会在哪。还解释了为什么在犯罪现场发现罗森博格的自行车和他的尸体处于如此奇怪的位置:开枪的杀手供认,罗森博格在指定地点下了车,坐在路缘等候杀手,杀手对着他的头开了三枪,脖子开了一枪,胸部开了一枪。卡斯特雷萨纳评说罗森博格,“他就像一颗自杀炸弹,引爆了自己。”
As Castresana looked deeper into Rosenberg’s life, he began to see a tormented soul—“someone like Raskolnikov.” After the death of the woman he loved, Rosenberg wrote to a friend that he felt as if he were “disintegrating, little by little.” He initially tried to do what he had always done: find justice through the law. Based on the intelligence he had gathered—primarily from the legendary spy Mendizábal but also from other sources—he was convinced that the government had killed Marjorie and her father. But, as a lawyer, Rosenberg knew that this intelligence was not strong enough to stand up in court. And Mendizábal warned Rosenberg that it would be futile to fight the President, the First Lady, and Alejos. In a country where crimes were virtually never punished, Castresana says, Rosenberg felt powerless. In a meeting at his law firm, Rosenberg complained, “There is no justice in Guatemala.” And so, Castresana theorized, Rosenberg had set his plot in motion.
当卡斯特雷萨纳更深地探究罗森博格的人生,他渐渐看到了一个痛苦的灵魂——“拉斯柯尔尼科夫式的人物”。【译注:拉斯柯尔尼科夫是陀思妥耶夫斯基的小说《罪与罚》中的主人公,是一个典型的具有双重人格的人物。】在自己深爱的女人过世之后,罗森博格在给一位好友的信中写道,他感觉自己“一点一点地,分崩离析。”他起初尝试做他总在做的:通过法律寻求公正。基于所搜集的情报——主要来自传奇间谍蒙迪扎巴尔,也有其他来源——他确信政府谋杀了马约莉及其父亲。但是,身为律师,罗森博格知道对抗总统、第一夫人和阿莱霍斯可谓希望渺茫。卡斯特雷萨纳说,在一个犯罪几乎永不受罚的国家,罗森博格感到力不从心。在法律事务所的一次会议上,罗森博格抱怨,“在危地马拉毫无公正可言。”于是乎,卡斯特雷萨纳推论,罗森博格开始着手实施他的计划。
In hindsight, Rosenberg’s actions in his final days made it evident that he was not trying to evade death but, rather, was preparing for it. He had his will drawn up; he bought two adjoining plots in a cemetery, one for himself and one for Marjorie; he gave away family heirlooms. He had then constructed a counterfeit reality, believing, however perversely, that it was the only way that the guilty parties would ever go to jail. And he employed the very methods—hit men, misdirection, stagecraft—that, in the past, had been the province of corrupt states and intelligence outfits. Rodrigo Rosenberg had democratized the art of political murder.
事后来看,罗森博格的行动在最后几天已经迹象显然,他无意逃避死亡,而是等着它来。他拟定了一纸遗嘱;他在墓地购买了两块毗邻的土地,一块给他自己,一块给马约莉;他送出了家族的传家宝。随后,他开始构造一场“虚伪的现实”,他自认为,不过是固执地自认为,这是将这个罪恶团伙送入监狱的唯一办法。而且,他采用了恰到好处的方法——杀手、错误指示、表演才能——这些在过去可是腐败政府和情报机关的拿手好戏。罗德里戈·罗森博格大众化了政治谋杀术。
After solving the mystery of Rosenberg’s assassination, Castresana was overcome with panic, instead of relief. He thought that the plot was so incredible—perhaps the most bizarre in the annals of political conspiracy—that everyone would think that he was weaving yet another fraudulent narrative, in order to protect the government. For days, he could not sleep, and paced endlessly around the compound. “It will be my professional grave,” he muttered to himself. “But we cannot change the reality.”
解开了罗森博格被害之谜,卡斯特雷萨纳并未如释重负,相反,他却是满心恐慌。他认为这个阴谋实在难以置信,也许是政治阴谋史上最异乎寻常的一个,人人都会以为他在编织又一个骗人的故事,为的是保护政府。好几天里,他夜不能寐,围着院子不停踱步。“它会是我的职业坟墓,”他喃喃自语道。“但我们无法改变现实。”
In December, CICIG issued arrest warrants for the Valdés Paiz brothers. They went into hiding, and were not apprehended for several months. The ten members of the hit squad were eventually convicted. The Valdés Paiz brothers initially acknowledged their involvement in the plot, according to authorities, but they now maintain their innocence. Their case is still pending.
12月,CICIG向瓦尔德斯·派兹兄弟发出了逮捕令。他们全躲藏起来了,几个月之后才抓到人。暗杀小组的十人最终被宣判有罪。据当局透露,瓦尔德斯·派兹兄弟起先承认他们卷入了密谋,但现在却坚称自己是无辜的。他们的案子依然悬而未决。
Castresana prepared to share his findings in a televised national address on January 12, 2010. The day before the broadcast, he met with Rosenberg’s son Eduardo. Many members of Rosenberg’s family could not accept what had happened: the truth, for all its power, is merciless. But Eduardo seemed ready to confront reality. He later told me that he had been forced to face “a lot of dark truths.” In the meeting with Castresana, he made one request: if Castresana believed that his father had been trying, even if mistakenly, to help his country, then he should say so at the press conference.
2010年1月12日,卡斯特雷萨纳准备在一次全国电视讲话中分享他的发现。播出的前一天,他会见了罗森博格的儿子爱德华多。罗森博格家族的许多成员都无法接受所发生的一切:事实,归根结底,是残酷无情的。但爱德华多似乎做好了直面现实的准备。他后来对我说,他过去被强迫面对了“太多黑暗事实”。在与卡斯特雷萨纳的会面中,他提出了一个请求:如果卡斯特雷萨纳相信他的父亲曾经尝试(即算是采取了错误的方式)帮助他的国家,那么就该在记者招待会上说出来。
During his address, Castresana, to the surprise of many viewers, said of Rosenberg, “He was an honorable person.” He added, “He wanted to open up a Pandora’s box that would change the country.”
讲话当中,出乎许多观众的意料,卡斯特雷萨纳如是评价罗森博格,“他是个值得尊敬的人。”又补充道,“他想打开能改变这个国家的潘多拉盒子。”
In the palace, President Colom, the First Lady, Gustavo Alejos, and Roberto Izurieta watched the address on television. Just before the broadcast, Izurieta met with Colom to prepare an official response. Izurieta asked the President, “So who did it?”
在国宫,科罗姆总统、第一夫人、古斯塔沃·阿莱霍斯和罗伯托·伊苏列塔从电视上观看了此次讲话。即将播放之际,伊苏列塔会晤了科罗姆,以起草一份官方回应。伊苏列塔询问总统,“那么,是谁干的?”
Colom said, “You’re not going to believe it, but I don’t know.”
科罗姆说,“你可能不会相信,不过我确实一无所知。”
As Castresana built toward his shocking conclusions—which he described as “the truth, the whole truth, and nothing but the truth”—the President held hands with the First Lady. Alejos, who told me that the investigation had “cleared my name for my family and my children,” began to cry. Izurieta whispered to himself, “Oh, my God.”
卡斯特雷萨纳开始讲到那令人震惊的结论,他将其描述为“事实,全部事实,唯有事实”,此刻,总统与第一夫人手拉着手。阿莱霍斯开始哭泣,后来他对我说,这次调查“洗清了我在家族和孩子面前的名声。”伊苏列塔低声自语,“哦,我的天!”
Though President Colom and others who had been in the war room trusted Castresana’s conclusion that Rosenberg had plotted his own death, many of them still privately believed that there remained another shrouded part of the story—a conspiracy within a conspiracy. They felt that Rosenberg alone could not have pulled off such an intricate deception, and that he must have been abetted by García, the talk-show host, and Mendizábal, the spy, both of whom had reasons for wanting to bring down the government.
尽管科罗姆总统和作战室内的其他人都相信卡斯特雷萨纳的结论——罗森博格“导演”了自己的死,但他们中的许多人私下里仍然认为这个故事还有另外被掩盖的部分——阴谋中的阴谋。他们觉得罗森博格独自设想不出如此错综复杂的诡计,他肯定受到了脱口秀主持人加西亚和间谍蒙迪扎巴尔的唆使,这两人可都有想要推翻政府的理由。
Castresana told me he believed that García and Mendizábal had tried to exploit the mysterious circumstances of Rosenberg’s death. “I don’t know if they were aware of the intention of Rosenberg” to kill himself, he said. “But they were preparing some kind of coup.” CICIG’s investigation eventually found a witness who said that García had met with Rosenberg, and encouraged him in his plans to commit suicide and release the video, saying, “Do it for your country.” Castresana told me that García likely helped “induce” Rosenberg’s suicidal act.
卡斯特雷萨纳对我说,他认为加西亚和蒙迪扎巴尔试图利用罗森博格之死的神秘气氛。“我不知道他们是否知晓罗森博格杀死自己的意图,”他说。“但是,他们在准备发动一场政变。”CICIG的调查最终发现了一名证人,该证人说加西亚会见过罗森博格,并怂恿他实施自杀和公布录像的计划,话是这么说的,“为你的国家行动吧。”卡斯特雷萨纳对我说,加西亚很可能帮助“诱导了”罗森博格的自杀行为。
The conspiracy-within-a-conspiracy may have reached the highest levels of the government. Mendizábal told me that, in the days leading up to Rosenberg’s death, he had detected, in his intelligence dossiers, growing divisions between President Colom and Vice-President Espada. “This is where I say that my reports are helping me quite a lot,” Mendizábal explained. “I’m beginning to see that the Vice-President and the President are having a lot of friction, because the Vice-President would like to be President.” A friend of Mendizábal’s told CICIG that, about a week before the assassination, he had met with the Vice-President to inform him about Rosenberg’s investigation into the Musa killings, which had the power to topple Colom’s Presidency. Mendizábal told me that the friend had asked the Vice-President, “ ‘Do you think you are in a position to take over?’ And his answer was yes.”
阴谋中的阴谋可能涉及政府的最高层。蒙迪扎巴尔对我说,在导致罗森博格之死的那些日子里,他从其情报档案里,察觉出科罗姆总统与副总统埃斯帕达之间的分歧在加深。“正是在这些地方,我的报告帮了我大忙,”蒙迪扎巴尔解释道。“我开始认识到,副总统与总统之间存在诸多分歧,因为副总统想当总统。”蒙迪扎巴尔的一位朋友告诉CICIG,大约在暗杀前一周,他会晤了副总统,并通告了罗森博格调查穆萨被杀案的情况,说这足以颠覆科罗姆的统治。蒙迪扎巴尔对我说,这个朋友曾问副总统,“‘你认为自己能接替总统吗?’他给予了肯定的回答。”
Vice-President Espada has emphatically denied that such a meeting ever occurred, saying that he had no “direct or indirect contact” with Rosenberg or anyone close to him before the murder. García, for his part, has called allegations that he was complicit in Rosenberg’s plot “absurd, baseless, and reprehensible.” Mendizábal’s statements have been more calibrated. He told a reporter, “I was not the instigator. I did what I had to do, and I have no regrets.” He showed me the metal plate, inscribed with “ON,” that he had found by the Rosenberg crime scene. He turned it upside down, so that it said “NO.” “There are always two ways to interpret anything,” he said.
副总统埃斯帕达断然否认有过那样的一场会面,并称在凶案发生之前,与罗森博格或任何与其关系密切者没有“直接或间接的接触”。至于加西亚,他说指控他参与罗森博格的阴谋是“荒唐可笑、毫无根据和应受谴责的。”蒙迪扎巴尔的声明则更为明确。他对一名记者说,“我不是煽动者,我做了我必须做的,我问心无愧。”他给我出示了那块金属片,上面刻着“ON”字样,这是他在罗森博格犯罪现场旁发现的。他把它倒转过来,这样上面刻着的变成了“NO”。“任何事情总有两种解读的方法,”他说。
Mendizábal had already begun to construct a counter-scenario to subvert CICIG’s theory of Rosenberg’s death. He said that Rosenberg had not set out that morning to kill himself; rather, he was attempting to collect information on who murdered the Musas—evidence that Rosenberg must have paid forty thousand dollars to obtain. When the Musas’ killers learned of his plans, he was double-crossed and killed. As Mendizábal spoke to me with conviction, taking some of the verifiable facts and rearranging them, I began to picture Rosenberg on his bicycle, innocently pedalling through the city, hoping to obtain the final piece of his puzzle. The most effective counterfeit realities are those which provide what only conspirators seem to have: a perfectly coherent plot.
蒙迪扎巴尔已经着手编造对立情境,以图推翻CICIG关于罗森博格之死的理论。他说,罗森博格那天早上出去并非是要自杀,相反,他试图搜集杀死穆萨父女凶手的情报,这份证据罗森博格必须支付4万美元才能拿到手。杀害穆萨父女的凶手得知了他的计划,于是他被出卖并杀害了。按照蒙迪扎巴尔对我言之凿凿的陈说,取出一些可验证的事实重新安排,我开始描绘出如下一幕场景:罗森博格骑着自行车,天真地穿越这座城市,盼望取得解开他疑问的最后一环。最有效的伪造现实得有阴谋者才有的范儿:天衣无缝的计划。
This time, though, the truth was more powerful than fiction. After Castresana’s meticulous presentation, the director of El Periódico, who had once written how absurd it would be to imagine that Rosenberg “immolated himself, kamikaze style,” called CICIG’s research “masterly,” and said, “I can only humbly surrender to the evidence.” U.S. Ambassador McFarland told me that the CICIG probe helped preserve “Guatemala’s stability and democracy,” and demonstrated that it was possible to “get to the bottom of things.” People beseeched Castresana, who was hailed as Guatemala’s Eliot Ness, to run for President.
然而,这一次,事实比杜撰更加有力。聆听过卡斯特雷萨纳缜密的阐述,那位曾写下“臆断罗森博格‘以神风特攻队方式牺牲自己’是多么荒唐”的《El Periódico》主管,转而称赞CICIG的调查是“大师级的”,并说,“证据面前,我只有心悦诚服。”美国大使麦克法兰德也对我说,CICIG的调查帮助维系了“危地马拉的稳定与民主”,并称其有可能“让一切水落石出”。人们盛赞卡斯特雷萨纳是危地马拉的埃利奥特·内斯(Eliot Ness)【译注:内斯是美国影片《铁面无私》中忠于职守的警探形象】,恳求他参加总统选举。
Still, an essential part of the Rosenberg case remained a mystery: Who killed the Musas? Castresana asked for the public to be patient. After Rosenberg’s murder, CICIG had arrived on the crime scene immediately. But nearly a month had elapsed before CICIG had taken on the Musa case—an eternity in homicide investigations, especially in a country where evidence is not properly collected. “We were lost,” Castresana said.
不过,罗森博格案的一个关键部分依然是谜:谁杀害了穆萨父女?卡斯特雷萨纳请求公众多些耐心。罗森博格被害之后,CICIG立即赶到了犯罪现场。而CICIG接手穆萨案时,距案件发生将近过去了一个月,这对凶杀调查来说可算是段漫长时间,尤其是在一个证据难以妥善搜集的国家。“我们还破不了案,”卡斯特雷萨纳如是说。
At one point, CICIG agents raided the offices of an organization connected to Banrural. As they were carting away documents and hard drives, an investigator overheard a local prosecutor on the phone, leaking what was being taken. Castresana and his agents were still moving in a sea of saboteurs.
有一次,CICIG密探突击搜查了一个与农村银行有关联的组织的办公室。当他们带走文件与硬盘时,一名调查员无意中听到了一名当地检察官的电话,泄露了所取走的物品。卡斯特雷萨纳及其密探仍旧陷身于蓄意破坏者的汪洋之中。
If CICIG concluded that the President, the First Lady, and Alejos had, in fact, killed Khalil and Marjorie Musa, then the government could collapse. Though the most prevalent view was that the government was responsible, in the absence of definitive evidence new theories multiplied. One hypothesis, which was given quiet support by Gustavo Alejos and others in the Colom Administration, was that Musa had objected to Marjorie’s getting a divorce and marrying Rosenberg, and so Rosenberg had hired hit men to kill him. After Marjorie was accidently murdered, Rosenberg had arranged his own assassination, partly out of despair and partly to cover his own tracks.
如果CICIG下结论说,实际是总统、第一夫人和阿莱霍斯杀害了穆萨和马约莉,那么政府会垮掉。尽管最盛行的观点说政府要为此负责,但在缺乏有力证据的条件下,新的推测日益增多。古斯塔沃·阿莱霍斯和科罗姆政府的其他人暗地支持一种猜测,说是穆萨反对马约莉离婚嫁给罗森博格,因而罗森博格雇佣杀手杀害了他。在马约莉意外遇害之后,罗森博格安排了自己的暗杀,半是感到绝望,半是为了掩盖自己的罪行。
While Castresana vowed to solve the case, the entrenched forces in Guatemala launched an all-out effort to destroy CICIG. Military intelligence had once maintained a “love office,” devoted to exposing its enemies’ private lives. In the factory owned by the Valdés Paiz brothers, CICIG agents discovered a document that hinted at a similar attack on Castresana, asking, “Does he have a girlfriend?” Stories began to appear in the media reporting that Castresana had been having affairs with several women, including his assistant. García, who filmed the Rosenberg video, devoted his radio programs to what he called Castresana’s “double life.”
卡斯特雷萨纳誓要破这件案子,此时,危地马拉根深蒂固的势力却全力以赴要摧毁CICIG。军方情报部门曾有一个“绯闻办公室”,专门曝光敌人的私生活。在瓦尔德斯·派兹兄弟的公司里,CICIG密探发现了一份文件,暗示可对卡斯特雷萨纳发起类似攻击,文件里询问,“他就没有女友吗?”媒体报道上开始涌现传闻,说卡斯特雷萨纳与若干女人有染,包括他的助理在内。拍摄罗森博格录像的加西亚特意制作了一辑广播节目,就称为卡斯特雷萨纳的“双面生活”。
Castresana denied the affairs, and said to me, of his assistant, “There were elements in the lie that made it seem true—she was my assistant, she was a beautiful young woman, and we were close.” Other reports in the Guatemalan press suggested, falsely, that Castresana was under investigation at the U.N. for ethical misconduct. Anita Isaacs, a political scientist and an expert on Guatemala, who knows Castresana, told me that the networks traditionally relied on three ways to remove an enemy: “The first is to bribe you—but they could not bribe Castresana. The second is to kill you—but they could not kill Castresana. Finally, if all else fails, they destroy your reputation. And that is what they did to Castresana.”
卡斯特雷萨纳否认了这些绯闻,并向我谈及了他的助理,“谎言的元素看去就像真的一般——她是我的助理,也是个漂亮的年轻女人,而且我们关系密切。”危地马拉媒体的另一篇报道错误地暗示,卡斯特雷萨纳正因道德败坏而接受联合国调查。政治学家暨研究危地马拉的专家安妮塔·伊萨克斯(Anita Isaacs)熟知卡斯特雷萨纳,她告诉我,犯罪网络惯于使用三种方法来清除异己:“一是贿赂你——但他们无法贿赂卡斯特雷萨纳。二是杀了你——但他们杀不了卡斯特雷萨纳。最后,若其他都不管用,那他们就会毁了你的声誉。这正是他们对卡斯特雷萨纳所做的。”
Not all public criticisms of Castresana and CICIG were part of a campaña negra. Some Guatemalans and U.N. officials thought that Castresana was too authoritarian, and that he often pursued targets unfairly in the press. Even some former CICIG agents criticized his methods.
并非所有关于卡斯特雷萨纳和CICIG的公开批评都由“黑色运动”发起。有些危地马拉人和联合国官员认为卡斯特雷萨纳过于独断专行,说他压力之下常常采取不正当手段追捕(嫌疑)目标。就连一些前任CICIG密探也非议他的做法。
As the attacks mounted against Castresana, he became increasingly paranoid, and appeared to conflate legitimate critiques with dirty reprisals. He accused a highly regarded Spanish CICIG agent of being a spy. And he alleged that one of Guatemala’s most respected journalists was part of a criminal network. “He was seeing conspiracies everywhere,” Francisco Goldman, the author of “The Art of Political Murder,” told me. “I think he started to go mad.”
随着对卡斯特雷萨纳的攻击逐步升级,他变得越来越偏执,似乎将合情合理的批评也混同于肮脏的报复。他指控一位德高望重的西班牙籍CICIG密探是间谍。还硬说危地马拉最受敬仰的一名记者是犯罪网络的成员。“他目之所及,全是阴谋,”《政治谋杀术》的弗朗西斯科·高曼对我说。“我想他开始发疯了。”
Under duress, Castresana escalated his long-standing feuds with colleagues at the U.N. “Basically, they are telling me I’m like Kurtz—some kind of crazy man in the middle of the wilderness,” he said. During one confrontation, an official reminded him that CICIG was not, technically, a U.N. body. Castresana replied, “I am the soul of the U.N.”
情绪失控之下,卡斯特雷萨纳与联合国同僚长久以来的宿怨也渐渐升级。“基本上,他们说我,如同我就是库尔茨【译注:美国作家约瑟夫·康拉德的小说《黑暗之心》中的主人公】——荒野之中的疯子,”他说。在一次冲突中,一名官员提醒他,CICIG严格地说并非联合国下属的组织,卡斯特雷萨纳回击道,“我乃联合国之化身。”
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In May, 2010, President Colom chose a new Attorney General, who, according to CICIG, promptly fired honest prosecutors, seized control over agents’ wiretap operations, and shelved sensitive cases. Castresana felt that he no longer had the backing he needed from the Guatemalan government or the U.N. On June 7th, after running the commission for two and a half years, he abruptly resigned.
2010年5月,科罗姆总统选任了一名新的总检察长,据CICIG称,该人立马解除了那些正直检察官的职务,夺取了密探窃听行动的控制权,并搁置了那些敏感案件。卡斯特雷萨纳感觉自己不再能够从危地马拉政府和联合国得到应有的支持。6月7日,掌管CICIG两年半之后,他突然提出辞职。
At a press conference announcing his decision, Castresana, in a final salvo, denounced Colom’s new Attorney General for alleged ties to “parallel powers,” including organized crime. Within a week, the Attorney General had been ousted. A newspaper declared that Castresana, like Rosenberg, had learned that, in Guatemala, the only way to fight impunity was to “blow himself up.”
在宣布决定的记者招待会上,在最后的齐声欢呼中,卡斯特雷萨纳谴责了科罗姆的新总检察长,说他与“另一并行国度”,包括团伙犯罪在内存在可疑联系。一周之内,总检察长就被罢免。一家报纸宣称,和罗森博格一样,卡斯特雷萨纳学会了:在危地马拉,唯一与有罪不罚作斗争的方法就是“引爆自己”。
While CICIG has continued its operations under the command of Castresana’s successor, Francisco Dall’Anese—a respected former Attorney General from Costa Rica—Castresana returned to Spain, where he resumed his job as a prosecutor. Even after his resignation, the attacks against him and CICIG persisted. One day, four decapitated heads were placed at prominent locations around Guatemala City, including in front of the Congress; the Guatemala Times called it a clear warning from “the dark forces” that “felt empowered after Dr. Castresana resigned.” Castresana told me, “The wolves have smelled blood, and they will not stop until they get the commission destroyed.”
卡斯特雷萨纳的继任者是受人尊敬的哥斯达黎加前总检察长弗朗西斯科·达尔阿内塞(Francisco Dall’Anese),他带领CICIG继续前行,而卡斯特雷萨纳回到了西班牙,重新干起检察官的老本行。即便是辞职以后,针对卡斯特雷萨纳和CICIG的攻击仍然不休。有一天,四颗斩首的头颅放于危地马拉城各个显著位置,包括国会门前;《危地马拉时报》称这是“黑暗势力”发出的清晰警告,“卡斯特雷萨纳博士辞职之后,感觉又能为所欲为了。”卡斯特雷萨纳对我说,“这就像狼闻到了血腥味,不毁掉这个委员会,他们是不会罢手的。”
Last November, Castresana passed through New York, and I met him at a restaurant. He seemed diminished without his security retinue. He said of the attacks on his reputation, “They have hurt my image forever.” He and his wife were divorcing, and he had not been able to see his children. “I have nothing,” he said. “I lost my family while in Guatemala. It almost took my life.”
去年11月,卡斯特雷萨纳途经纽约,我与他在一家旅馆见了面。没有了安保侍从,他一副落魄的样子。他谈及了对其声誉的攻击,“他们永远毁了我的形象。”他与妻子离了婚,也不许探望孩子。“我什么都没了,”他感慨道。“在危地马拉,我失去了家庭。这几乎要了我的命。”
Dall’Anese told me, “One day, Guatemala will recognize what he accomplished.”
达尔阿内塞对我说,“终有一天,危地马拉会承认他的贡献。”
Not long ago, Castresana contacted me again, and for the first time in a while he sounded enthused. There had been a break in the Musa case. He explained that, before he left CICIG, investigators had found partial confirmation of what Rosenberg had alleged about improprieties at Banrural and other institutions. “We discovered some evidence of money laundering, fraud, and embezzlement,” he said. Moreover, as Rosenberg had believed, there had been an intense fight over control of Banrural’s board of directors, and an effort to block Musa’s appointment. But Rosenberg had overlooked a key detail: after receiving threats, Musa had informed the government that he was not taking the posts. By the time of his death, the hidden dispute over Banrural had been resolved, and there appeared to be no motive for killing him.
不久前,卡斯特雷萨纳再度联系了我,一段时间以来他的声音头回透着热情。穆萨案有了突破。他解释说,在他离开CICIG之前,调查员已经找到了罗森博格宣称农村银行和其他机构有猫腻的部分证据。“我们发现了一些洗钱、欺诈和贪污的证据,”他说。而且,不出罗森博格所料,农村银行董事会的控制权之争果然异常激烈,确有人试图阻挠穆萨的任命。但是,罗森博格忽略了一个关键细节:接到死亡威胁后,穆萨已经通知政府,他无意于那些位置。也就是说,在他死前,关于农村银行的秘密争端已然解决,似乎没有动机再去谋杀他。
Castresana told me that CICIG, using surveillance tapes and wiretaps, had recently identified the alleged hit men who killed Musa. After they were interrogated, several of them confessed, and the baroque narrative took its final twist. It turned out that Musa, despite his impeccable reputation, had been buying contraband for his textile factory from a criminal network. When Musa got into a dispute with the gang, and refused to pay for the contraband, he was assassinated. The Musa family has refused to accept the prospect that its patriarch was corrupt, and took out a full-page ad in a newspaper denying the allegations. But twelve men have been arrested for the murder of the Musas, and the trial is expected to begin later this year.
卡斯特雷萨纳告诉我,使用监控录像和窃听技术,CICIG最近查明了杀害穆萨的嫌疑杀手。经过审讯,他们其中一些人招供了,这个新奇怪异的故事有了最后的转折。原来穆萨虽然拥有无懈可击的声誉,却从一个犯罪网络那儿为他的纺织厂购买走私品。后来穆萨与黑帮起了争执,继而拒绝为走私品买单,于是,他遭到了暗杀。穆萨家族拒绝接受他们的家长腐化堕落这一可能,在一家报纸上打出了全版广告,否认这些指控。但十二个人已因谋杀穆萨父女而被捕,审判有望在今年晚些时候开庭。
It seemed as if everyone had a secret. Musa concealed his dirty business practices. Rosenberg and Marjorie hid their affair. Rosenberg misled the world about his death. The Guatemalan government purportedly covered up its own corruption. The proliferation of counterfeit realities underscored the difficulty of ascertaining the truth in a country where there are so few arbiters of it. Even Rosenberg—who, in the land of the blind, had seemed like a one-eyed king—had been wrong about who killed the Musas, triggering a series of tragic events that nearly rewrote a nation’s history, based on a lie.
看来人人都有一个秘密。穆萨隐瞒了他肮脏的交易活动。罗森博格和马约莉隐藏了他们的风流韵事。罗森博格用他的死误导了全世界。危地马拉政府则据说是掩盖了自己的腐败。伪造的现实四处扩散,在一个罕有仲裁者的国度查明真相的难度凸显无遗。即便是罗森博格,在这个盲人之国,他就像一个独眼之王,却还是错认了杀害穆萨父女的元凶,触发了一系列悲剧性事件,几乎在谎言之上改写这个国家的历史。
The shrine that was set up at the street corner where Rodrigo Rosenberg died is now deserted. Pilgrims no longer come to leave notes or flowers. When I visited the shrine, the wooden cross was tilted and defaced. Beside it, half buried in dirt, was a discarded banner. Scraping away the mud, I could see the fragment of a story: “Rodrigo Rosenberg, National Hero.”
那个在罗德里格丧生的街角设立的圣地如今已然荒废。朝圣者也不再来此留言或献花。我拜访这一圣地时,那个木十字架歪在一边,上面的字被涂抹掉了。在它旁边,一条丢弃的横幅半埋于污泥中。拭去泥浆,我觑见了一个故事的片段:“罗德里戈·罗森博格,国家英雄。”2
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